Onderwijs. Vonnis over studie-fraude student verplegekunde
Aanstaande professional student verpleegkunde- pleegt studiefraude Wes Holleman | 10-08-2014 | Blog Onderwijs http://www.onderwijsethiek.nl/ (Vonnis)
Student X studeert Verpleegkunde aan een Vlaamse hogeschool. Hij (of zij) moest alle...en nog een vierpunts literatuurscriptie (nominaal 112 studie-uren) maken om vóór de zomervakantie het diploma te verwerven. Maar in tijdnood gekomen, liep hij de kantjes eraf. Hij bezondigde zich aan knip- en plakwerk zonder behoorlijke bronvermelding. Vanwege dit plagiaat besloot de examencommissie het ingeleverde werkstuk ongeldig te verklaren en zijn inschrijving in de opleiding gedurende drie jaar te blokkeren. In een interne beroepsprocedure werd deze straf bekrachtigd. Maar de student liet het er niet bij zitten: volgens hem stond de zwaarte van de straf in geen verhouding tot dit geringe vergrijp. Onlangs heeft de Raad voor Betwistingen (de Vlaamse pendant van het Nederlandse College van Beroep H.O.) hem in het gelijk gesteld. Bij haar straftoemeting heeft de hogeschool onvoldoende rekening gehouden met de disproportionele gevolgen van die straf voor de betrokken student.
Hoe is de hogeschool ertoe gekomen zon zware straf op te leggen? Vermoedelijk hebben de opleiders de gepleegde studiefraude als onprofessioneel gedrag opgevat. Volgens hen bezat de student, op een haar na afgestudeerd, niet de ethische competenties die essentieel zijn voor het professionele beroep waartoe het diploma toegang geeft. De driejarige uitsluiting was dus bedoeld om hem op grond van beroepsongeschiktheid uit de opleiding te verwijderen. De Nederlandse wetgever geeft universiteiten en hogescholen sinds enige jaren de bevoegdheid toegekend studenten een dergelijk Judicium Abeundi op te leggen, maar daarbij is uitdrukkelijk bepaald dat studiefraude en gebrek aan voortgang in de professionele ontwikkeling niet als grond kan worden aangevoerd om studenten wegens beroepsongeschiktheid uit de opleiding te verwijderen. Er is scherp onderscheid gemaakt tussen tuchtrechtelijke bestraffing van onreglementair gedrag (zoals studiefraude) en verwijdering wegens ontoelaatbare inbreuk op professionele normen.
Zijdelings stelt de Raad voor Betwistingen in zijn Vlaamse vonnis dat men uit het plegen van plagiaat geen conclusies kan trekken over de totaliteit van de professionele ethiek van een student (p.11). Maar de Raad spreekt zich niet uit over de fundamentelere vraag of Vlaamse onderwijsinstellingen hun tuchtrecht mogen inzetten om studenten op grond van vermeende beroepsongeschiktheid heen te zenden. Bron: Vonnis 2014/083 d.d. 22/7/2014
Onderwijs. Onderwijskrant nr. 170 (aug. 2014) -papieren versie - is uit!
Onderwijskrant nummer 170 -papieren versie - is uit (owkrant@hotmailcom)
Inhoud van rijk gevuld en gevarieerd nummer
*Onderwijsdebat-ers Nicaise & Van Houtte blazen koud en warm over s.o. & fnuiken debat over hervorming *Kritiek op hervorming s.o. en vermeende knelpunten vanwege secretaris-generaal verbond katholiek hoger onderwijs Wilfried Van Rompaey *Afschieten hervorming s.o. is misdadig: eigenzinnige en onbesuisde uitspraken van Mieke Van Hecke op Kanaal-Z (7 juni) en HLN (28 juni)
*Denken kleuterleid(st)ers en leraren van 1ste leerjaar hetzelfde over het voorbereidend leren lezen? Te weinig aandacht voor letterkennis?*Competentiegericht onderwijs = dwaling = incompetente leerlingen Kritiek van bekeerde cgo-paus Marcel Crahay *Kritiek van Nico Hirtt (APED) op competentiegericht onderwijs en socles de compétences in Franstalig België
*Examens met merkeuzevragen: toepassen van giscorrectie en voorstel alternatieve verbetermethodes
*Bedenkingen bij uitspraken ere-rector André Oosterlinck over het laag intellectueel niveau & prestige van 'gemiddelde' Vlaamse leraar & succes van Finse leraars *De leraar spreekt Open brief aan alle leraars
*Rik Torfs en collegas rectoren roepen op tot verzet tegen dure & nefaste NVAO-visitatiecommissies. Onderwijskrant sluit zich aan bij protest. *Geen discipline nodig op school, maar onderhandelingspedagogiek à la CEGO
Noot: al meer dan 320.000 bezoekers op website www.onderwijskrant.be; al meer dan 7.000 bezoekers van (nieuwe) blog 'Onderwijskrant Vlaanderen'
Onderwijs.Prof. Larry Cuban: Invoering van jaarklassensysteem rond 1840 was en blijft de belangrijkste onderwijshervorming ooit
Prof. Larry Cuban:
Invoering van jaarklassensysteem rond 1840 was en blijft debelangrijkste onderwijshervorming ooit. Dat
is ook de stelling die Onderwijskrant al 37 jaar verdedigt tegen de vele aantijgingen van de nieuwlichters
(zie www.onderwijskrant.be)
Passage uit Blog L. Cuban: Persistence in Math Teaching Patterns: Deja Vu
All Over Again (8 aug. 2014)
If any school reformin the sense of making fundamental
changes in organization, curriculum, and instructioncan be considered a
success it is the age-graded school. Consider longevitythe first age-graded
structure of eight classrooms appeared in Quincy (MA) in the late 1840s. Or
considereffectiveness. The age-graded
school has processed efficiently millions of students over the past century and
a half, sorted out achievers from non-achievers, and now graduates nearly
three-quarters of those entering high school Or adaptability. The age-graded
school exists in Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America
covering rural, urban, and suburban districts.
As an organization, the age-graded school allocates children
and youth by their ages to school grades; it sends teachers into separate
classrooms and prescribes a curriculum carved up into 36-week chunks for each
grade. Teachers and students cover each chunk assuming that all children will
move uniformly through the 36-weeks to be annually promoted.
The age-graded school is also an institution that has plans
for those who work within its confines. The organization isolates and insulates
teachers from one another, perpetuates teacher-centered pedagogy,and prevents a large fraction of students
from achieving academically. It is the sea in which teachers, students,
principals, and parents swim yet few contemporary reformers have asked about
the water in which they share daily. To switch metaphors, the age-graded school
is a one-size-fits-all structure.
Onderwijs. Blog van leraar âTom Bennett over onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek en zoek: Teacher Proofâ.
Teacher Proof: Why
Educational Research doesn't always mean what it claims, and what you can
do.
So, I have a book out. It's been a long time coming. Since I
started teaching, I knew there was something suspicious about what I was being
told worked in classrooms, and what actually happened. It started in teacher
training, as well-meaning lecturers and reading lists advocated apparently
cast-iron guarantees that this method of educating children, or that way of
directing behaviour, would be efficient. It continued on DfE sponsored training
programs where I was taught how to use NLP, Brain Gym, Learning Styles and soft
persuasion techniques akin to hypnosis.
Then I began teaching, guided by mentors who assured me that
other contemporary orthodoxies were the way to win hearts and minds. It took me
years to realise that thing I could smell was a bunch of rats wearing lab
coats. And why should any new teacher question what they are told?
Establishment orthodoxies carried the authority of scripture. And often it was
justified with a common phrase- the research shows this.
I remember reading Ben Goldacres Bad Science, and being
amused and horrified by the cavalier ways in which science could be hijacked
byhustlers. His harrowing of Brain Gym
led me to wonder what else, like Descartes, I needed to question. What I
discovered led me to write Teacher Proof.
First of all I
discovered that a lot of what was considered to be absolute dogma by many
teachers, was built on quicksand.Learning Styles, for example, were almost universally accepted by every
teacher who trained me. It was a Damascan epiphany to find out that there was
hardly a scrap of evidence to substantiate it, that the serious academiccommunity had washed its hands of it long
ago. But it lingered on, a zombie theory, staggering from classroom to
classroom, mauling lesson plans.
Once I had peeled one strip of paper from the wall, I could
do nothing else but keep pulling, and see how much came off. Much, much more,
it turned out. First of all, I entered the world of pseudo-education, where
optimistic internet sites boasted of Olympian gains to made by the adoption of
this pill (often Omega 3), that smell (sometimes Lavender, sometimes not) or
even this sound (the Mozart Effect, for instance). These, at least, seemed to
be obvious pigs in pokes. Other companies sold hats- literally, thinking hats-
of various colours, or exercises that promised to boost brain power. But they
asked customers to gamble a lot more than a stamp, as Charles Atlas innocently
proposed.
Unfortunately, it was often just as bad when I progressed to
the realms of alleged propriety; I found that a lot of what was practically
contemporary catechism, was merely cant. Group work, three-part lessons,
thinking skills, multiple intelligences, hierarchies of thinking like Blooms,
all- at least to my poor eyes- appeared to rely on opinion and rhetoric as much
as data. Delving deeper, I found that this was an affliction that affected the
social sciences as badly as the natural sciences- perhaps worse, as natural
sciences are at least readily amenable to verification. But any social science-
from economics to sociology- is subject to inherent methodological restrictions
that makes any claims to predictive or explanatory powers intrinsically
difficult.
Which isnt to say that social science isnt a powerful and
urgent device with which to accrue an understanding of the human condition. But
merely to require that its claims be interpreted appropriately. It is a very
different proposition to claim, for example, that water boils at 100 degrees
Celsius at sea level, than it is to say that children learn best in groups. The
first can be at least disputed immediately, or not, by testing. The latter
requires a plethora of causal factors to be adjusted andaccounted for. And to confound matters
further, humans are notoriously hard to fit on a microscope slide. Nor are we
always the most reliable of subjects.
Sometimes this was the faulty of those writing the research;
sometimes the research was, as Richard Feynman describes, Cargo Cult Science;
sometimes the writers appeared to have no idea what the scientific method was,
believing it to be some kind of fancy dress with which one clothed a piece of
journalism; sometimes allegedly sober pieces of research were simply
misinterpreted by a willing media; sometimes it was the teachers themselves
that had misappropriated the findings; sometimes it was the policy makers who
were hungry for a magic bullet and had already made their minds up about what
they were buying.
Whatever the reasons,
it was clear: the educational research we were asked to assimilate in schools
was often more like magic beans than magic bullets. Thats unhealthy. There
are armies of earnest, dedicated professionals working in educational research
who are horrified by some of the fantastical or flimsy claims made by the
hustlers and their PRs. If educators want to get past this unhealthysystem of intellectual bondage, we need to
become more informed about what the research actually says, and what good
research actually means; about how hard it is to say anything for certain in
education, and when claims can be ignored, and when they should be listened to.
So I wrote Teacher Proof. Its aimed primarily at people who
work in schools, but its also for anyone involved in education, research and
policy. I am, unashamedly, a teacher. I admit I have entered a world- of
educational research- in which I am only a guest. I am aware that in my travels
I may be more of a tourist than a native. But I have tried to write as honestly
and as plainly as I can, about matters that affect me deeply- the education of
children. If I have made any errors- and Im sure that I have- I welcome
correction, and discussion. I cant shake the feeling that teachers would do
well to make research more of their business, get involved, participate in
studies, and perhaps even conduct some of their own, with guidance. Id also
like to think that researchers would be well advised to ensure their theories
are tested objectively, with an eye to disproving them, in classrooms with
meaningful sample sizes. There is a great deal of good that the two communities
can do together.
Perhaps then teachers can look forward to hearing the latest
research, and run towards it; and researchers can see classrooms not as awkward
inconveniences between data sampling and publication. Theres an awful lot of
good research out there, but it gets drowned out by the bad.
Good ideas, like decent whisky, need time to settle and
mature. I suspect that we need to develop more of a critical faculty to sift
the ideal from the merely idealistic. Maybe then well be immune to novelty and
fashion in pedagogy. Or, as I call it, Teacher Proof.
Bijlage
On Tom Bennett's
"Teacher Proof" : voorstelling boek
Tom Bennett Teacher Proof: why research in education doesn't
always mean what it claims, and what you can do about it London/New York;
Routledge, 2013It is about what the subtitle says on the tin.
Bennett explicitly
acknowledges Ben Goldacre, and he has taken up the baton of a Bad Science for
education; indeed, he limits his discussion of Brain Gym (R) [there's always
that (R); is this totally discredited "brand" so litigious that its
mark has to be acknowledged on every utterance? Or are they taking the p***?]
he limits that to less than a page on the grounds that there is nothing left to
say after Goldacre.
First section settles
down later into a much more relaxed informal style. Perhaps the jokey asides
are just his way of trying to make epistemology and the philosophy of natural
science and social "science" palatable. It's a courageous way to
start such a bookit's almost guaranteed to put some readers offbut don't skip
it because Bennett, like any good teacher, knows that he has to have the
foundations in place before he can get on to the more exciting stuff. And,
asides aside, he explains very clearly and well, and these chapters could even
be used as recommended reading for introductory research methods courses.
Bennett then applies
this critique to what he calls "voodoo teaching". (This is the second
part of three: he deliberately and ironically follows the standard school
three-part lesson structure which he critiques later.) He first takes on "multiple
intelligences" (Howard Gardner). He comprehensively rubbishes the idea, of
course. But then he concedes that there may well be something in itit's just that
it's not at all new. Substitute the terms "abilities",
"capacities" or even "talents" for
"intelligences", and that's it. Bennett is also careful to be fair;
he allows Gardner to point out how the ideas have been misrepresented (a sound
and recurrent theme through the book, where applicable). That slightly blunts
the edge of his battle-axe, but he makes up for it with the way he wields
itand in the body of the book there are fewer digressive jokes.
And so to Neuro-Linguistic Programming (and the derisive nod
in the direction of Brain Gym). There is no need here to temper his demolition
with respect for a professor at Harvard (as Gardner is). It is clear that NLP
is simply rubbish, although he does stop short of calling Bandler and Grinder
outright charlatans. I was a little disappointed that he did not take on the
whole "Accelerated Learning" scam of a few years ago, of which Brain
Gym was but one egregious aspect, but he's still got a lot to get through...
Next: group work. I
was a little surprised to find that here, but then my background is in
post-compulsory, higher and adult education, and much of what I teach is
debatable (Bennett would not be able to stop himself mentioning that can be
taken in two senses), so groupwork is a natural and appropriate tool. In
schools it often isn't, and yet thanks in large measure to Ofsted, it is rammed
down teachers' and pupils' throats. And there is no evidence to support it.
Bennett refers earlier to Richard Feynman's idea of "Cargo Cult
science", and in the following chapter to the principle of "turtles
all the way down" (where there is no foundation to an idea other than
"the literature", which is in turn based on more literature... ad
infinitum). These are two of his most effective weapons, and he deploys them
very well. And of course his feet remain firmly on the groundhe particularly
warns newly qualified teachers against using group work, unless they are fully
confident in their class management, for example.
Emotional Intelligence? I've always thought that just means
being "grown up". Again, Bennett demonstrates the sloppiness,
unfalsifiability, and value-laden assumptions of the idea, but takes care not
to tangle with its originator, Goleman.
"Buck Rogers and
the 21st-century curriculum": Turtles all the way down; beneath the claims
that technological change demands a whole new curriculum focusing on resilience
and adaptation and change and ... Bennett gets as political as he can managehe
shies away from any real discussion of the political implications of
anythingwhen he points out in this chapter and the next one, how this agenda
is being promoted by the big technology companies, on the push to sell
unnecessary technology to schools. But Bennett is working up to tackle the big
one. Sir Ken:
"I find it impossible not to like Robinson. [...] He is
charming, erudite, quick-witted [...] But [...] while I agree with him on many
things, there are many ideas he promotes that, while well-meant in root, bear
potentially dangerous fruits." (p.117)
As ever, he is polite but still devastating. The rudest he
gets is:"being told how to teach by a non-teacher with a PhD in education
is a bit like being told by a virgin how to get laid." (pp. 119-20)(He
attributes that to Christopher Hitchens.) He lets Robinson off too lightly.
The following chapter
is about de-bunking the claims and gimmicks of digital technology in the
classroom, and demonstrating that the claimed research base is at best flaky and
possibly fraudulent. He touches on the vested interests in the game, but does
not pursue them.
Next: the myth of the
three-part lesson. It's only in the past few years that I have come across
this, and discovered the stranglehold which itenforced by Ofstedhas on the
compulsory and FE sectors. I've actually made desultory efforts to trace its
research base, with little success. Bennett has traced its base, but it is not
in research:"...there's loads of research that teachers need to have a
structure to their lessons. What there isn't, is any appreciable evidence that
having three parts to a lesson lead to any kind of measurable
improvement." (p.141)
Bennett even confesses:"I might notwhisper itI might
not even put my aim on the board because sometimes I want kids to work out what
we're trying to do for them." (p.141) At one level, heretics must die! At
another, where have we got to when (despite the mock-heroic style) anybody
thinks such trivia matter?
Learning styles: to me, this is shooting fish in a barrel.
Bennett cites the standard refutations, and one or two more I was not familiar
with, and is unequivocal. Learning styles are "demonstrable guano"
(p.151). But while he cites Coffield et al. (2004) he does miss out on their
effort to explain why "bad ideas won't quit". Without that context,
it does rather look as though teachers are simply gullible. Coffield points out
the ideological convenience of learning styles theory: it is the
get-out-of-gaol-free card for politicians, policy-makers, managers, and all; if
children are not learning it is all the teachers' fault for not differentiating
enough on the basis of a spurious and unsubstantiated load of hogwash...
And so the list goes
on and the chapters get shorter, which he explains; we are into the minor
leagues. Gamification; it draws on principles of online game design to
reward/reinforce learning in a way children can relate to. I know nothing about
this, but his analysis seems sensible. Learning to learn: that, and
"lifelong learning" are both shibboleths of adult education, and
often meaningless rhetoric. Then we get into the freaky, faddy fringe,
concluding with de Bono's "learning hats" and school uniform.
The third section is a short and eminently sensible and
positive piece on how to respond to all these panaceas/prophecies of doom.
The book does betray some hasty editingsome repetition,
evidence of passages being swapped around (with vague cross-references which
don't work), some weird grammatical constructions, but nothing important.
What is important is
that it is a necessary corrective to the egregious bullsh*t which passes for
educational research, and an important text for all teachers who have more
common-sense than their managers and inspectors (and even tutors, I'm afraid)
who pump out, endorse and even insist on this misguided material. It's not
merely that it is wrong and unsupported by evidence and only works, if at all,
by accident (Bennett rightly insists that evidence and experience trump theory
every time) but that its power is simply (and only) to undermine teachers'
confidence in themselves and what they can see for themselves does work.
Onderwijs. Kritische blog van âleraar Tom Bennettâ over inclusief onderwijs (cf. M-decreet)
When everyones special, no one is: how
inclusion went sour.
What do we mean when someone has special needs? And why do
we get it so spectacularly wrong?
Pupils with statements of special educational needs are
being routinely segregated from their teachers and classmates, prompting fears
that many of the most vulnerable children are receiving a poor education.
Part of me can't see the controversy. Given that many
statemented needs revolve around behaviour, it's not surprising that many SEN
pupils spend time outside of the classroom. That isn't an indication of failure
itself, but simply a recognition that removing a challenging student to a less
crowded space is often the most sensible strategy. It's also not surprising
that students with learning difficulties are removed to nurture groups. In
fact, in my experience it's not removal that's the problem, but not removing.
Inclusion; thats the
pivot around which this all revolves. When I started teaching in 2003, I was
amazed that classrooms often contained students so badly behaved, or with
learning needs so pronounced, that I knew I could never provide for them
adequately. What should I do, I wondered, with a student who doesnt speak
English, but has no interpreter in the class? With a pupil who frequently
assaulted or insulted teachers? With a student in a GCSE class with a reading
age of seven? More, why were such pupils packed into the same classroom as
everyone else? Inclusion, I was told.
Inclusion was treated
very seriously. I received several lectures and tutorials on it when training.
Every lesson plan I made had to include awareness of inclusion issues.
Differentiation was supposed to be the catalyst to this magic process; if I
planned the right lesson, it seemed, everyone would be caught in the gravity of
the lesson. This was a complete lie.
Plato spoke about Noble Lies- untruths that were useful,
like the belief in Gods, which he claimed kept people moral. Inclusion was and
is an attempt to generate a contemporary Noble Lie, only instead of conjuring
goodness through the threat of divine retribution, we imagine that wishing for
inclusiveness creates it.
But it doesnt. Instead, inclusion, handled in the most
knuckle-headed manner, has created a vale of tears where everyone loses:
children with special needs dont get the support they need- instead having to
cope in classrooms for which many are not ready- and the mainstream class has
to suffer and starve due to the disproportionate focus that challenging or very
needy students require. And somewhere under this enormous pyramid of toil and
chaos, is the teacher, unable to meet the needs of his class, harrowed by
failure.
A second issue is the designation of statements themselves.
Many children are statemented for reasons that, decades ago, would hardly have
been seen as a special need at all. We have all worked with children who are
statemented for behaviour, yet who are perfectly capable of behaving well for a
certain teacher, or their parents. This makes a mockery of the whole system-
Old Andrew calls it the SEN racket- as it shows that we have medicalised many
perfectly normal parts of the behaviour spectrum and redesignated them as
pathologies. This reductivist approach to human nature leads to a joyless form
of determinism, where the human being is lost and replaced with a series of
triggers and causes and cues. How depressing.
There are some
children with clear difficulties- like Tourettes- where they have little
control over themselves. But the surly teenager who is persistently rude to
teachers because she cant be bothered, isnt helped by a label of ODD; in
fact, it infantilises them, and gives them a reason not to amend their
behaviours. And this isnt a fringe issue; this is at the heart of the SEN
liturgy. I have read many well-meant Individual Education Plans for statemented
pupils that go along the lines of Let them run around the room punching people
in the Charlies if they want or similar. Try and run a room like that for five
minutes and see how much learning gets done.
Redefining Inclusion
1. Inclusion doesnt
mean in the class with everyone else. This is inclusion at its most witless
and barbaric. It is also the default definition in many, many mainstream
schools: youre included if youre geographically present. You might as well
say that the waiters at Buckingham Palace are guests at the garden party.
2. But all this does
is to create pressure-cooker classrooms where the few drain the attention of
the one, to the detriment of the many. The teacher is spread thin as marmalade
and lessons are carpet bombed. Learning over.
3. Inclusion like any
value, cannot be intrinsically good. It must be balanced with other values,
such as the rights of the class, the teacher, and the good of the child.
4. For some children
that can be achieved in the mainstream classroom; modifications that can be
done with relative ease: task that differentiate for different abilities;
seating plans that accommodate children with hearing issues etc
5. For some children,
inclusion needs to mean special provision. Overwhelmingly, this means smaller
groups, separate classrooms and specially trained staff. That way they can get
the attention they require without dominating the classroom. When did we forget
that mainstream kids have needs too?
6. Staff trained in a
meaningful way. I feel sorry for TAs. Often they are the least trained, the
worst paid and the least valued members of staff, and yet the demands on them
are Herculean. Work a miracle with this pupil they are told, without being
told how. Their salaries are shocking. Children with special needs dont just
need a warm body nagging them, or writing out their answers; they need
teachers, trained in specific areas: EAL; Autism; reading strategies; extreme
spectrum behaviour. And they need subject knowledge too, to teach meaningful
content. I know many TAs who do a fantastic job. But there are some TAs who,
through little fault of their own, are little more than tall buddies for their
charges.
7. For inclusion to
be meaningful, it has to exclude meaningfully. Good internal inclusion units
are a joy: a school within a school, a Russian Doll of focus and care. Others
are holding pens; three goes on the Rollercoaster and the pupils are dropped
back into the circus.
Inclusion, as it
stands is worse than useless in many schools. It is actively harmful. It serves
no purpose other than to meet its own criteria. Were bad at identifying
special needs, and were terrible at meeting those needs. If we crack this, the
value and efficiency of what we already do will sky rocket, I guarantee it. But
we spend all our cows on magic beans.
Now that is special.
View comments
Anonymous12 February
2013 04:32
What should I do, I wondered, with a student who doesnt
speak English, but has no interpreter in the class?
This illustrates the issue. It's not inclusion, per se,
that's the problem it's the fact that it's not adequately resourced, or it's
not resourced at all.
Which doesn't mean that all children should be in all
classes eg a pupil who frequently assaulted or insulted teachers.
As I understand it one motivating factor for
"inclusion" was that young people excluded from the school grow up
excluded from society, and the behaviour persists into and throughout
adulthood. Fine: "include" them, but resource it properly.
All of this reminds me of a judge sentencing an offender to
prison with the idea that they will be rehabilitated but the reality that they
won't.
As for who's to blame, I think as a society we're pretty
good at allowing ourselves to be lied to and comforted whilst denying harmful
realities. (See house price bubbles and the like.)
Also, and this is a really serious point: since, say the
early noughties over the course of ten or twelve years, hundreds of thousands,
possibly even millions of children and young people have had their education
blighted, by "included" pupils. Thousands of teachers stand in front
of their classes confronted by this the most obvious and damaging issue. They
say what they see...and nothing is done about it. Why not? And that's not a
moan, that's a question.
If I recall Channel 4'sUndercover Teacherattempted to
address this issue and, as usual,the
whistleblower was disciplined.
Caz12 February 2013 05:37
Tom, this is - as ever - spot on. The way that most schools
deal with this issue is not fair on anyone; the staff, the pupils themselves
and the rest of the class. More and more have I become convinced that
"inclusion" actually means" EXclusion" for the rest of the
class, and in these days of mixed ability classes for almost everything, even
moreso.
I've worked in tough schools, from one in special measures
to those that just about scraped through the old "satisfactory"
barrier - and they, of course, tended to have a higher proportion of SEN than
other schools. I regularly had classes where the number of kids on the SEN
register was greater than the number who weren't - and had no classroom support
whatsoever.
When I raised issues like this, I was ignored and I often
got the feeling that I was then looked on as someone who just wanted an easy
life. But that wasn't it at all -I felt bad that I could often do NOTHING for
those kids, because some of them just weren't able to access the lessons, no
matter how carefully I differentiated. I mean, try teaching a 13 year-old pupil
with a reading age of 6 about cognates in MFL - you're on a hiding to nothing
because he's got so few reference points in English!
My husband has recently become one of those TAs you talk
about, and indeed, he's already wondering how on earth he is supposed to help
some of the pupils to whom he's been assigned. (And he works in a top-end
"good" school).
I read the TES article and was very surprised about the part
you have quoted. I'd have thought parents would be glad to think that their
child was getting some one-to-one attention.
Nic Price13 February 2013 05:34
You have correctly described the poor implementation here.
And you do, eventually, recognise how well 'good internal inclusion' works.
Part of the problem is the binary nature of the language
(it's either inclusion or exclusion) which gives people some very fixed ideas
of what it should be. Sadly, it leads many to the conclusion that 'inclusion'
doesn't work. To me, inclusion is not a strategy, it's a principle. It's the
idea that schools need to reflect society so that we don't segregate children
on any basis. Notice that I say 'schools'. The same does not necessarily apply
to 'classes'. Classes are merely sub-groups within a school that should be sized
and composed appropriately for the children's needs. The best inclusion I have
seen ensures that pupils with SEN are always notionally attached to the
mainstream (e.g. as part of tutor groups and year groups) even if most of their
learning occurs apart from their (social) peers.
BTW, I never actually encountered a SENCO that endorsed the
'let-them-be' approach (even if the IEP may have implied it). This was much
more likely to come from SMT who didn't want to deal with the behaviour issue.
Ken Lastimer13 February 2013 13:10
This is a good article which I think does an admirable job
of summarising the issues from a teacher's point of view. However, I wonder if
you are conflating statements with medical diagnoses. A statement for a child
with behaviour problems does not need to come with a assumptions about the
origins of their difficulties. The statement should simply detail what their
difficulties are, the objectives for their development and the provision that
is required to meet those objectives. A statement of SEN also carries with it
funding for support from the local authority so they are often very desirable
for schools. In my experience the prevalence of statements for exclusively
behavioural issues vary greatly from area to area, in some authorities they are
almost exclusively issued to children when they go to a special school. Whether
a child gets a statement appears to have more to do with how local funding is
organised and prioritised in many cases.
I think that the problem with the Inclusion that you
describe is that it is simply a soundbite, a weasel word, a piece of marketing
for a oversimplistic idea (when people say words like "Inclusion" or
"Academy" I often think of the Monorail episode of the Simpsons). The
fact remains that being included is a social experience which has little to do
with the room you are educated in. I have seen some of the best examples of
inclusion in special school settings or in mainstream schools which operate
specialist units. However the prevailing state of affairs has been unwittingly
concocted by a combination of management money counters who see a cost saving
and naive idealists who have a fervent beliefs that it is a right for all
children to be educated in the same classroom, no matter how impractical,
unworkable or unhelpful it actually is to do so. I agree that this state of
affairs has undermined effective education for many troubled children and their
peers. However, I believe that there is an increasing recognition among those
who work in this area that troubled children need to learn increasing peace
with the world before they can be properly educated in the conventional sense.
7 February 2013 00:49
Wonderfully astute commentary Tom. The more I think about it
these days, and when I read an intelligent, experienced analysis like yours,
the more I want to jab the finger of blame not at the politicians,
techno-zealots or ideologues but at the...English teachers.
If English was taught in schools well. Not the naive
politics or social engineering NATE exemplifies, and children left schools aged
16 with the kind of linguistic skills commonly found in other countries
(Germany, Russia...)maybe we wouldn't as a nation be so vulnerable (as Ken
notes) to the deployment of marketing when we have the right to expect intelligent
insight.
"In every job that must be done, there is an element of fun. You find the fun and snap! [snaps her fingers] The job's a game!"Mary Poppins, Mary Poppins, 1964
I attended a session at the Helsinki Oppi festival, hosted by Lauri Jarvilheto (Helsinki Academy of Philosophy), and Jari Multisilta (Helsinki University) about the power of play and "ways in which it can drive more effective learning". It was big on claims and short on evidence, alas, as these things often are. I'd love to find some evidence to substantiate the claims that the Fun Learning camp makes I'm like an atheist, glumly investigating every miracle hoping to find God but I'm yet to see anything convincing.
Can learning be fun? Of course. Is learning sometimes fun? Undoubtedly. Should it be fun? That's a whole different question. Simply saying yes damns every act of learning that isn't enjoyable, and you would have to be completely bonkers to think that everything you learn should be fun as well. Almost everything worth achieving requires sweat, grit and the ability to stick with something when it's hard also qualities I'd like to see in my students in general. I don't want them bored, but I have no problem if something they do is boring, if it's necessary. I want them to plug away at problems until they break through: that's the pleasure, and it's worth its weight in diamonds.
Lauri told us about Pavel, his brother, lazy at school but animated to distraction once he found a subject he loved. And we can applaud that, without extrapolating that children should only learn what they love. The point about educating children is that we teach them things that are valuable, not just exciting. Their cultural legacy; science; the inheritance of the world. Lauri claimed that we need to learn to love learning, or we'll see a digital divide some will know quantum mechanics or three languages; they had the opportunity to start learning early because of digital technologies. I await this generation of savants, teaching themselves Chinese, with patience. As Sugata Mitra's Hole in the Wall project demonstrated, children usually need to be guided through tasks that aren't immediately pleasing. That's why they need adults.
He also claimed that "In ten years in Finland we can have a 'Thank God it's Friday' culture to a 'Thank God it's Monday' culture if we can help our kids have fun while they're learning". (NvdR: volgens PISA-2012 voelen vooral de Finse lleerlingen zich echt ongelukkkig in klas.) But the problem is that this entails children driving their own learning, and crucially only learning when they want to, what they want to. You think most children will choose to learn algebra or grammar or anything abstruse or complex? You think they'll choose learning over actual play? Learning physics through Angry Birds over just playing Angry Birds? This project, while gorgeous in its ambitions, has pitfalls you could drive a school bus through.
Jarvilheto introduced us to the latest play-learning platform: Angry Birds Playground. In an experiment conducted by Rovio, the kids who used these materials were they claimed "enthusiastic, motivated and concentrated".
I'm sure these people are engaged in the most rigorous of science, but the area that it addresses is devilled with darkest, emptiest aspects of bad educational research: small intervention groups, interested parties, cognitive bias, short term studies, conclusions that don't necessarily follow from the data, an aversion to testing a theory to destruction, etc. This matters, because huge and enormously expensive wheels are turning in education ministries around the world. Children's lives are chained to this wheel. Poor children can't afford to fix the mistakes of state education, as middle-class children can, through tutoring and familial support.
I need to emphasise: the people I saw today cared passionately about improving things for children, and I would happily let them babysit my own child. But I'd be very cautious about giving them the keys to the school bus.
"Playing games can have a measurable, positive impact on how well students learn," so the programme said of this session. So I spent half an hour looking for research that backed this claim up, from either Jarvilehto, Multisilta, the University of Helsinki or even Rovio themselves, who were partners to this session. I'm sure it was just my poor search skills, but I couldn't find anything that related to this session, or that could substantiate the claims that children learned better when learning was in some way gamified. And this matters. Because in my previous attempts to substantiate the claims of the fun lobby, I've come up with similar, plum-shaped results. Which isn't to say that gamifying doesn't work, just that there seems to be precious little research that seems reliable. Which kind of kicks the whole thing into the 'unproven' territory.
The concept allows children to experience learning in a fun way. It has been scientifically studied and proven in cooperation with the University of Helsinki, Cicero Learning Network making education both engaging and inspiring, said Sanna Lukander VP Learning and Book Publishing at Rovio.
What if learning was fun? That was the question we asked ourselves when we started to develop this exciting new concept. Having seen the enthusiasm when children and parents spend time with Angry Birds, we wanted to create fun new learning activities for them, said Peter Vesterbacka, Mighty Eagle and CMO at Rovio.
The most optimal circumstances for learning are set when having fun, being motivated, being appreciated for who we are and having permission to be autonomous and experimental. Learning is rewarding and effective when you feel safe to experiment, and this is totally in tune with the Angry Birds Playground fun learning philosophy, said professor Jari Multisilta, director of Cicero Learning Network at the University of Helsinki.
It really behooves anyone presenting at a conference, or promoting a product online, to link clearly and easily to published research that substantiates their claim, especially if they preface it with "research proves this". Otherwise, people might think that maybe it doesn't. Or worse, they might think that it does, when possibly it doesn't. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. The idea that children best learn in gamified conditions is extraordinary, given that for most of humanity's history, that's not how conditions were. Where is the mountain of evidence? Where is the data and the analysis that will melt my bronze heart and lead me to love the Angry Birds classroom?
I'm getting tired of these kinds of claims from people who, coincidentally, sell things.
This matters because there are thousands of enthusiastic teachers being seduced by these claims, without, it seems, very much to justify them. I've raised the problems of gamification many times before: children only work at tasks they enjoy, the game elements take up huge amounts of time that could be spent actually learning, much that looks like learning is just play... In matters gamified, I am an atheist: show me and I will believe.
"My name is Thorfin, I am an educational games entrepreneur..." said the next questioner. And I left. It felt like I was turning my back on a tsunami, hoping it would go away. This won't go away. Game-driven education is this year's Brain Gym, and with the kind of momentum it has, it isn't going anywhere soon.
PS If anyone from any of these bodies wants to respond by presenting at researchED London, please get in touch.mmm
Kritische 'Blog leraar Tom Bennett 'over iPad in klas
Conclusie: There is
precious little evidence that iPad adoption has any discernible effect on the
educational outcomes of children whatsoever. It's a contemporary myth that
digitalising the classroom adds great scoops of value to the school experience
in a measurable way. Which isn't to say they aren't potentially useful, but
their adoption has been so brainless in so many circumstances that I would
require anyone seeking to spunk the school budget on a suite of tablets to
undergo a sanity test first. Or who knows? Maybe even submit a proposal that
describes what successful adoption would look like, and what outcomes are
actually envisaged. Otherwise it's just speculation, which is fine in
education, but a) don't expect anyone else to do it and b) make sure it doesn't
cost the family silver.
iPads in classrooms
Are we machine gunning emus? Tom_Bennett24-5-2014
Rarely do you come across a war that could be described as
hilarious, but the Great Emu War of 1932 punches that ticket nicely. The
Australian government, faced with hordes of migratory emus tearing up croplands
in the West, and in possession of squads of veteran soldiers turned to
agriculture, came up with a solution that might have seemed obvious: mobilise
this great standing army and equip them with machine guns against the
flightless, comical menace. The Great War between man and emu had begun.
Several attempts were made on "the enemy's"
position, but the dispersal of the emus into small groups meant that none were
successful in slotting more than a handful of birds. War is hell, but in this
case it was Hill Benny Hill.
"But surely Tom," I hear you wonder, "there
can't be a link between this ancient, brainless caper and some contemporary
educational practice?" There can indeed; I'm an assembly veteran, and can
conjure a connection between the most tenuous of artefacts in battlefield
conditions.
I'm reminded of our vast, fathomless capacity for folly when
I read stories like this, where Kent County Council has recently been pilloried
for its decision to spend £150,000 on iPads and laptops for Chaucer School in
Canterbury, despite the small problem that the school is closing down and only
has 136 pupils. To quote Kent Online:
"The authority says the money was allocated before the
closure was on the table and insists it is 'of vital importance' to the
remaining few youngsters.
But critics have branded the investment 'strange' in light
of the budget crisis which partly caused the schools collapse in the first
place.
Campaign manager for the Taxpayers Alliance, Andy
Silvester, says: 'The idea that once a decision is taken it cannot be undone is
ludicrous.'"
Quite. And a deeper wonder is that, in a circumstance of
financial lack, anyone thought it a good idea to spend the family cow on the
magic beans of tech in the first place, when as I will happily bore anyone's
ar$e off endlessly about there is precious little evidence that iPad adoption
has any discernible effect on the educational outcomes of children whatsoever.
It's a contemporary myth that digitalising the classroom adds great scoops of
value to the school experience in a measurable way. Which isn't to say they
aren't potentially useful, but their adoption has been so brainless in so many
circumstances that I would require anyone seeking to spunk the school budget on
a suite of tablets to undergo a sanity test first. Or who knows? Maybe even
submit a proposal that describes what successful adoption would look like, and
what outcomes are actually envisaged. Otherwise it's just speculation, which is
fine in education, but a) don't expect anyone else to do it and b) make sure it
doesn't cost the family silver.
I am reminded of Dylan Moran's Bernard Black, the
misanthropic Irish book seller in Black Books, staring at the kiosk attendant
in a cinema. "Excuse me," he says with a confused face. "I just
bought a drink and some popcorn. And now I have no money."
And so, back to the emus. The Lewis Automatic Machine Gun is
a sturdy piece of ordnance and you'd expect it to be somewhat of a trump card
against an opponent that habitually eats car keys. Despite this apparent
mismatch, the emu proved to be quite resistant to the hail of death imagined by
the architects of shock and CAW! The government had found the right problem,
but the wrong solution.
Similarly, the issue of underachieving children is one that
needs to be tackled, but maybe instead of spraying a blanket of iPads, however
shiny and groovy they are, in their direction, we should be looking for a more
nuanced, targeted approach that will really tackle education's emu problem.
Onderwijs. Kritiek van Tom Bennett op Sir Ken Robinson
Blog vanTom_Bennett ( 8-8-2014Kritiek op Sir Ken Robinson)
This week, BBC Radio 4 treats us to a series that might well
be very interesting indeed. The Educators, every Wednesday at 4pm GMT, looks at
some of the most influential names in the education landscape today. Week 1:
Sir Ken Robinson. Oh boy.
Sir Ken is, without a doubt, the nicest guy with whom I
frequently completely disagree. His avuncular, jocular TED talks and his
ability to simultaneously convey bemused surprise and weary dismay at the state
of education, makes him a popular, if unlikely, revolutionary. He's a digital
John the Baptist, railing against the Herods of factory schooling. He's kind,
witty and literate. He is fantasy dinner party bait. He's also impressively
wrong about what schools are actually like, and, therefore, how we should improve
them. Apart from those two things, we are of a piece (I'll express an interest
in this programme I'm in it, somewhere, railing against the cult of Ken,
pointing out the emperor is naked, but still a really nice guy).
I've written more about the Sir Ken phenomena here and here.
You can also read more about his views by reading the story in today's copy of
TES.
He believes in children, but don't we all? He values
creativity, but who doesn't? Who would stand on a platform against it? All that
we differ on is method. He says creativity is something we can teach in schools
and I say how do we know? How do we measure it? No one has ever agreed on a
method, or an assessment method, and many (me, for instance) say it can't even
be taught in any way that resembles how we teach.
He deserves his place in the list of the 21st-century's most
prominent educationalists because of what he represents more than the influence
he has had. The salon revolutions he encourages have been represented and
embodied for many years before the RSA decided to animate his lecture. The cry
that children are crushed by a system that doesn't care is as old as the
Enlightenment. This ancient enmity between rationalism and romanticism, between
the forces of order and reason and the fluid armies of idea-space, is a
mythical battle in contemporary classrooms.
If anyone has a mind to, a visit to a school will reveal the
reverse to be quite true: that classrooms, far from being battery farms where
children are clipped and de-beaked into automata, are frequently bastions of
group work, discovery learning and freethinking libertarianism. The model he
presupposes last enjoyed mainstream acceptance round about the time of Tom
Brown's School Days. Since the 1960s onwards (and earlier, in many pockets of
education) progressive ideas such as those Sir Ken champions have become part
of the DNA of everyday schooling. Which isn't to say that it predominates
everywhere, but merely that it certainly has enjoyed popular status. See: what
Sir Ken evangelises as revolution has been the establishment orthodoxy for
several decades. He isn't Moses. He's Pharoah.
As to the curriculum: why, his dystopian Cassandra stance is
even more at odds with real schools. Every school I have ever visited has
bounced with compulsory drama, expressive arts, art, design and technology,
music and those are merely the subjects that are intrinsically and obviously
creative and expressive. What about large segments of the English curriculum,
creative writing assignments and role plays and poems threaded through the
whole curriculum like veins in blue cheese? Even given the contemporary trend
towards the holy grails of good passes in English and maths, the claim that
schools are Soylent Green factories is patently, obviously nonsense.
The dance equivalence argument is also worrying. You walk on
booby-trapped eggshells when you criticise a subject, but I will put a delicate
toe into this one: while I genuflect with a mixture of awe and envy at those
who can call the American Smooth and pirouette their friend, to claim that
dance is of equivalent importance to, say, literacy is like comparing advice
from Herodotus with a magic 8-ball. On what grounds is this possibly true?
Certainly not utility. It's like listening to someone watch Footloose while
smoking furiously on a crack pipe: "We have to save dance! THEY'RE KILLING
DANCE LET THE PEOPLE DANCE."
There are some aspects of school that are boring and
authoritarian, but try and run one that isn't and still teaches them anything.
However, this doesn't mean schools are prisons or the easy, obvious slur of the
Pink Floyd mincing machines. Schools, despite their mild-mannered and often
anodyne appearances, are dream factories, where children of all backgrounds are
given the opportunity to become the architects of their own destinies. Some of
it's a bit dull. Some of it will fascinate and inspire. Some of it is,
"you need to know this", and some of it is, "what do you
think?". There is often a good deal of dance. And if there isn't, there
are other ways for caterpillars to become butterflies. To say that schools
don't offer these things is probably a bit of an insult to schools and the hard
work that teachers do.
Onderwijs. Nieuwe eindtermen wiskunde nog slechter (Berkeley)
The Wall Street Journal 5 augustus
Making Math Education
Even Worse
By Marina Ratner
I first encountered
the (new) Common Core State Standards last fall, when my grandson started sixth
grade in a public middle school here in Berkeley, Calif. This was the first
year that the Berkeley school district began to implement the standards, and I
had heard that a considerable amount of money had been given to states for
implementing them. As a mathematician I was intrigued, thinking that there must
be something really special about the Common Core. Otherwise, why not adopt the
curriculum and the excellent textbooks of highly achieving countries in math
instead of putting millions of dollars into creating something new?
Reading about the new math standardsoutlining what students
should be able to learn and understand by each gradeI found hardly any
academic mathematicians who could say the standards were higher than the old
California standards, which were among the nation's best. I learned that at the
2010 annual conference of mathematics societies, Bill McCallum, a leading
writer of Common Core math standards, said that the new standards "would
not be too high" in comparison with other nations where math education
excels. Jason Zimba, another lead writer of the mathematics standards, told the
Massachusetts Board of Elementary and Secondary Education that the new
standards wouldn't prepare students for colleges to which "most parents
aspire" to send their children.
I also read that the Common Core offers "fewer
standards" but "deeper" and "more rigorous"
understanding of math. That there were "fewer standards" became
obvious when I saw that they were vastly inferior to the old California
standards in rigor, depth and the scope of topics. Many topicsfor instance,
calculus and pre-calculus, about half of algebra II and parts of geometrywere
taken out and many were moved to higher grades.
As a result, the
Common Core standards were several years behind the old standards, especially
in higher grades. It became clear that the new standards represent lower
expectations and that students taught in the way that these standards require
would have little chance of being admitted to even an average college and would
certainly struggle if they did get in.
It remained to be seen whether the Common Core was
"deeper" and "more rigorous." The Berkeley school
district's curriculum for sixth-grade math was an exact copy of the Common Core
State Standards for the grade. The teacher in my grandson's class went through
special Common Core training courses.
As his assigned homework and tests indicate, when teaching
fractions, the teacher required that students draw pictures of everything: of 6
divided by 8, of 4 divided by 2/7, of 0.8 x 0.4, and so forth. In doing so, the
teacher followed the instructions: "Interpret and compute quotients of
fractions, and solve word problems involving division of fractions by
fractions, e.g., by using visual fraction models and equations to represent the
problem. For example, create a story context for 2/3 divided by 3/4 and use a
visual fraction model to show the quotient . . ."
Who would draw a picture to divide 2/3 by 3/4?
This requirement of visual models and creating stories is
all over the Common Core. The students were constantly told to draw models to
answer trivial questions, such as finding 20% of 80 or finding the time for a
car to drive 10 miles if it drives 4 miles in 10 minutes, or finding the number
of benches one can make from 48 feet of wood if each bench requires 6 feet. A
student who gives the correct answer right away (as one should) and doesn't
draw anything loses points.
Here are some more examples of the Common Core's convoluted
and meaningless manipulations of simple concepts: "draw a series of tape
diagrams to represent (12 divided by 3) x 3=12, or: rewrite (30 divided by 5) =
6 as a subtraction expression."
This model-drawing mania went on in my grandson's class for
the entire year, leaving no time to cover geometry and other important topics.
While model drawing might occasionally be useful, mathematics is not about
visual models and "real world" stories. It became clear to me that
the Common Core's "deeper" and "more rigorous" standards
mean replacing math with some kind of illustrative counting saturated with
pictures, diagrams and elaborate word problems. Simple concepts are made
artificially intricate and complex with the pretense of being deeperwhile the
actual content taught was primitive.
Yet the most astounding statement I have read is the claim
that Common Core standards are "internationally benchmarked." They
are not. The Common Core fails any comparison with the standards of
high-achieving countries, just as they fail compared to the old California standards.
They are lower in the total scope of learned material, in the depth and rigor
of the treatment of mathematical subjects, and in the delayed and often
inconsistent and incoherent introductions of mathematical concepts and skills.
For California, the adoption of the Common Core standards
represents a huge step backward which puts an end to its hard-won standing as
having the top math standards in the nation. The Common Core standards will
move the U.S. even closer to the bottom in international ranking.
The teaching of math in many schools needs improvement. Yet
the enormous amount of money invested in Common Core$15.8 billion nationally,
according to a 2012 estimate by the Pioneer Institutecould have a better
outcome. It could have been used instead to address the real problems in
education, such as helping teachers to teach better, raising the performance
standards in schools and making learning more challenging.
Ms. Ratner is professor emerita of mathematics at the
University of California at Berkeley. She was awarded the international
Ostrowski Prize in 1993 and received the John J. Carty Award from the National
Academy of Sciences, of which she is a member, in 1994.
Onderwijs. Uitvluchten van Pasi Sahlberg omtrent lage leerprestaties Finse 15-jarigen
Pasi Sahlberg zoekt uitvluchten voor daling PISA-score en
voor zwakke leerprestaties volgens studies van de universiteit van Helsinki
Pasi Sahlberg on
Finland's Recent PISA Results
By Marc Tucker onFebruary 14, 2014 (Education
Week) + commentaar van Raf Feys (Onderwijskrant)
For years following the release of the 2001 and subsequent
PISA results, edutourists visited Finland hoping to uncover their secrets.In the most recent survey, Finland's position
had slipped from 2nd to 5th in reading, from 6th to 12th in mathematics and
from 3rd to 5th in science.I recently talked with Pasi Sahlberg to
better understand what could have contributed to this fall in the rankings.As former Director General of CIMO (Center
for International Mobility and Cooperation) at the Finnish Ministry of
Education and Culture in Finland he is in a good place to know.Pasi recently joined Harvard University's
Graduate School of Education as a visiting professor, teaching a course on
international lessons from successful education systems, and is working on the
sequel to his popular book, Finnish Lessons.
Marc Tucker: How has Finland reacted to the news of the
latest PISA results?
Pasi Sahlberg: The results did not surprise the Finns,
because our own data monitoring student achievement and a recent study by the
University of Helsinki published a month before the PISA results came out
anticipated the PISA results. Their study compared skills in 82 randomly
selected schools in Finland between 2001 and 2012 and the results showed the decline
in mathematics and reading performance that was then confirmed by PISA. (NvOnderwijskrant:
Eigen evaluatiestudies van de universiteit Helsinki van 2004, 2°10 & 2012
wees uit dat de Finse 15-jarigen opvallend zwak presteerden voor de
doelstellingen van de basisvakken. Naar de buitenwereld toe werd dit steeds
verzwegen. Ook al in 2005 was er een alarmerend manifest van 200 docenten
wiskunde die waarschuwden dat de PISA-wiskundescore 2003 misleidend was en dat
de Finse 18-19 jarigen voor de echte wiskunde zwak scoorden bij de start van
het hoger onderwijs. Dat betekent dat de 15-jarigen al bij de afname van
PISA-2003 volgens de Finse wiskundexperts zwak presteerden voor de echte
(schoolse) wiskunde. Sahlberg wekt ten onrechte de indruk dat de zwakke
wiskundeprestaties op de eigen evaluatietests van recente datum zijn. Die
zwakke prestaties voor de echte wiskunde zijn ook veel erger dan de achtergang
voor de PISA-wiskunde.)
MT: What did the Finns think caused this?
PS: Finland had done very little to improve students'
mathematics performance since the first PISA results had come in 12 years
ago.Many of us had pointed out that
other countries with high PISA scores had continued to improve their systems,
but Finland did not do that.The
situation in education in Finland appears to be similar to the situation at
Nokia, Finland's international champion in the telecommunications
industry.When Apple came out with the
iPhone, Nokia had the dominant position in the cell phone industry and, blinded
by its success, failed to recognize the challenge.Nokia had invented the touch screen, but
failed to take the next step, which Apple did, leapfrogging Nokia.This is similar to the situation in
education.The huge flow of foreigners
from all over the world to visit the remarkably successful Finnish schools made
the authorities fearful of changing anything. The
drive of the 1990s activists in education has been extinguished. (NvdR:
Sahlberg debiteert hier een drogreden.) There is another factor that should
be considered.Non-Finnish speaking
immigrants are coming to Finland in larger numbers than ever before.This time they have a big enough number in
the PISA sample to see how they performed compared to their peers. (NvdR: Sahlberg verzweeg in het verleden
dat de hoge Finse PISA-score ook een en
ander te maken has met het beperkte aantal allochtone leerlingen.)
MT: I gather that Finland has a new education minister.How did she react to Finland's scores on the
latest PISA survey?
PS: Our new Minister of Education promised to conduct a
national campaign to examine the results and make recommendations that could
lead to a renewal of the whole compulsory education system.She does not want to look at just math and
science.In fact, no one has responded
to the data by saying Finland needs to focus just on math and reading, or on
any other silver bullet.Instead, the
discussion is about how Finland can improve the system as a whole and increase enjoyment
in learning.It is not just about how to
improve our performance on PISA.(NvdR:
voor enjoyment in learning scoorden de Finse 15-jarigen in PISA-2012 opvallend
zwak. Sahlberg wekte in het verleden steeds de indruk dat de leerlingen super
gemotiveerd waren en dat de betrokkenheid heel hoog was.)
MT: I recall that, before 2000, when Finland participated in
the first PISA survey, there was a lot of pressure from some people in Finland
for the use of market-oriented reforms, test-based accountability systems and
so on.What happened to those
agendas?Is there renewed pressure to
adopt reform measures of that sort now?
PS: Prior to the release of the first PISA reports in 2001,
many in the traditional academic community and in the business community pressed
hard for measures designed to enable students to begin focusing on STEM skills
as early as middle school, scheduling more examinations earlier in a student's
career in school and introducing choice and competition among schools. (NvdR: Finland en Sahlberg hadden beter de vele
klachten over het lage niveua vanwege de docenten en leraars ernstig genomen
i.p.v. ze te weerleggen met de PISA-cijfers.) That all came to a sudden end
when the first PISA results came out.We
had managed to be highly successful at accomplishing the goals of these
reformers without adopting their proposed reforms.Many in Finland believe that PISA saved
Finland from reforms that would not have been good, either for teachers or the
country.But these events, while staving
off unhelpful reforms, created another problem, as I said earlier in this
interview:All change in Finland, both
good and bad, came to an end, and we lost our capacity to renew and adapt to a
changing environment. (NvdR: Waarom zweeg
Sahlberg hier dan over in zijn boek Finnish lessons en wekte hij de indruk
dat het Fins onderwijs en de Finse leraars innovatie-minded waren?)
MT: One path to change would be to look at the strategies
used by the countries that lead the global league tables and pick a set that
seems appropriate for Finland.Does that
appeal to you?
PS: At one level there is some appeal to this approach.In the US, there are advanced schools that
are doing things that Finnish schools should be doing.Finnish high school students who spend a year
in some U.S. high schools say that these schools are better than their opposite
numbers in Finland at helping students communicate, present ideas and debate
meaningful issues.And there are pockets
of excellent practice and innovation in some American schools in the area of
integrating technology and new learning devices into the schools.Shanghai has built a system for
low-performing schools to get help from others that Finland can learn
from.The lesson study idea and way it
is used in Japan and Singapore is very attractive.There is not one country's system that the
Finns should simply imitate. Finns need to realize that they have a lot to
learn from all of their international partners in both the East and the West,
but at the same time, further advance equity-oriented policies and reforms.
MT: What do you think the next generation of change in
Finland should look like?
PS: Finland should not be gauging its success only by
measuring student achievement in the academic subjects.Schools need to help many more people find
out what their strengths are, what they are curious and passionate about. The
school system should be designed to inspire students and to enable them to lead
happy, fulfilled lives both at work and outside of the workplace.We may have to invent a way of thinking about
curriculum that is not so focused on the traditional academic subjects and time
allocation.That is, I think, a worthy
goal for the next stage of Finnish education reform.
Bijlage: View of
Finnish teachers versus view of Pasi Sahlberg
Oxford- Prof. Jennifer Chung ( AN INVESTIGATION OF REASONS
FOR FINLANDS SUCCESS IN PISA (University of Oxford 2008).
Many of the teachers mentioned the converse of the great
strength of Finnish education (= de grote aandacht voor kinderen met
leerproblemen) as the great weakness.Jukka S. (BM) believes that school does not provide enough challenges
for intelligent students: I think my only concern is that we give lots of
support to those pupils who are underachievers, and we dont give that much to
the brightest pupils.I find it a
problem, since I think, for thefuture
of a whole nation, those pupils who are really the stars should be supported,
given some more challenges, given some more difficulty in their exercises and
so on.To not just spendtheir time here but to make some effort and
have the idea to become something, no matter what field you are choosing, you
must not only be talented like they are, but work hard.That is needed.
Pia (EL)feels that
the schools do not motivate very intelligent students to work.She thinks the schools should provide more
challenges for the academically talented students.In fact, she thinks the current school system
in Finland does not provide well for its students.Mixed-ability classrooms, she feels, are
worse than the previous selective system: I think this school is for
nobody.That is my private opinion.
Actually I think so, because when you have all these people at mixed levels in
your class, then you have to concentrate on the ones who need the most help, of
course.Those who are really good, they
get lazy.
Pia believes these students become bored and lazy, and float
through school with no study skills.Jonny (EM) describes how comprehensive education places the academically
gifted at a disadvantage: We have lost a great possibility when we dont have
the segregated levels of math and natural sciences That should be once again
taken back and started with.The good
talents are now torturing themselves with not very interesting education andteaching in classes that arent for their
best.
Pia (EL) finds the PISA frenzy about Finland amusing, since
she believes the schools have declined in recent years: I think [the
attention] is quite funny because school isnt as good as it used to be I
used to be proud of being a teacher and proud of this school, but I cant say I
m proud any more.
Aino (BS) states that the evenness and equality of the
education system has a dark side. Teaching to the middle student in a class
of heterogeneous ability bores the gifted students, who commonly do not perform
well in school.Maarit (DMS) finds
teaching heterogeneous classrooms very difficult.She admits that dividing the students into
ability levels would make the teaching easier, but worries that it may affect
the self-esteem of the weaker worse than a more egalitarian systemSimilarly, Terttu (FMS) thinks that the
class size is a detriment to the students learning.Even though Finnish schools have relatively
small class sizes, she thinks that a group of twenty is too large, since she
does not have time for all of the students: You dont have enough time for
everyone All children have to be in the same class.That is not so nice.You have the better pupils.I cant give them as much as I want.You have to go so slowly in the
classroom.Curiously, Jukka E. (DL)
thinks that the special education students need more support and the education
system needs to improve in that area.
Miikka (FL) describes how he will give extra work to
students who want to have more academic challenges, but admits that they can
get quite good grades, excellent grades, by doing nothing actually, or very
little.Miikka (FL) describes
discussion in educational circles about creating schools and universities for
academically talented students: 3 Everyone has the same chances One problem is
that it can betoo easy for talented
students.There has been now discussion
in Finland if there should be schools and universities for talented students I
think it will happen, but I dont know if it is good, but it will happen, I
think so. I am also afraid there will be
private schools again in Finland in the future [There] will be more rich
people and more poor people, and then will come so [many] problems in
comprehensive schools that some day quitesoon parents will demand that we should have private schoolsagain, and that is quite sad.
Linda (AL), however, feels the love of reading has declined
in the younger generation, as they tend to gravitate more to video games and
television.Miikka (FL), also a teacher
of mother tongue, also cites a decline in reading interest and an increase of
video game and computer play.Saij a
(BL) agrees. As a teacher of Finnish, she feels that she has difficulty
motivating her students to learn: I think my subject is not the easiest one
to teach.They dont read so much,
newspapers or novels.Her students,
especially the boys, do not like their assignments in Finnish language.She also thinks the respect for teachers has
declined in this past generation.Miikka
(FL) also thinks his students do not respect their teachers: They dont
respect the teachers.They respect them
very little I think it has changed a
lot in recent years.In Helsinki, it was
actually earlier.When I came here six
years ago, I thought thiswas
heaven.I thought it was incredible,
how the children werelike that after
Helsinki, but now I think it is the same.
Linda (AL) notes deficiency in the amount of time available
for subjects.With more time, she would
implement more creative activities, such as speech and drama, into her
lessons.Saij a (BL) also thinks that
her students need more arts subjects like drama and art.She worries that they consider mathematics as
the only important subject.Shefeels
countries such as Sweden, Norway, and England have better arts programs than in
Finnish schools.Arts subjects,
according to Saij a, help the students get to know themselves.Maarit (DMS), a Finnish-speaker, thinks that
schools need to spend more time cultivating social skills.
Onderwijs. Kritische Finse stemmen over Fins onderwijs
1. Finse
leraar Atatus i.o. over verwaarlozing van sterkere/slimme leerlingen
It's kind of an
unspoken rule here in Finland that smart, talented kids are expected to take
control of their own learning very early on. I'm a teacher in training on my
fourth year in university, and while we've been taught quite a lot when it
comes to teaching kids who have trouble learning or behaving, teaching talented
kids has only been mentioned - in passing - once or twice. When asked about the
subject, one of my professors actually said that it's better to have the
teachers to focus their attention on children "who need that attention,
since smart kids are smart and can thus take care of themselves well
enough".
I do understand what my professor meant, kind of: if there
are 28 pupils in one class and if twelve of them have trouble learning or
behaving, those twelve will naturally need the teacher's time, help and
attention, even more so than those who are doing "well enough" by
themselves. Still, while smart kids can take care of themselves (to some
degree), it's certainly not fair that they're not being helped to try to
achieve their full potential, that they're not given enough opportunities to
challenge themselves, like the other pupils are.
I've noticed that there are many teachers who are even a bit
annoyed at smart children because they're "too" quick. Those kids
often finish their exercises while some of the other pupils are still trying to
solve their very first problem. Streaming can be challenging to any a teacher, and
while many a pupil is given extra exercises, many others are left to sit idly
at their desk, waiting for the rest of the class to catch up with them. During
my training, I've seen many a teacher scolding smart kids for being
"impatient" and "restless" after those kids have been
sitting at their desk for several long minutes without having anything to do.
It's sad and angering to see such young, brilliant minds
being held back like this. No wonder Finland has the narrowest gap between the
highest and the lowest achieving pupils when the lowest achieving pupils are
helped in any way possible while the highest achieving students are scolded and
frowned upon for being smart.
2. Timo
Ojanen:Some truths but also lots of
myths and partial truths here. Let's get the facts right.
My
information is based on having both studied (1990s) and worked (2000s) in
Finnish primary and secondary schools.
"Finland does not
give their kids standardized tests." Yes it does, but only once - at
the end of general secondary school (senior high school). The results of these
exams function as final secondary school grades which in turn play a role in
higher education admissions.
"All teachers are
required to have a master's degree."
Yes, if they want to get a "qualified" salary. But
many are working as "unqualified" and just get a lower salary and
less job security.
"Finland has a culture of collaboration between
schools, not competition. Most schools, according to Partanen, perform at the
same level, so there is no status in attending a particular
facility."There is some status to attending particularly famous schools.
Entry to senior high schools (upper secondary) is competitive and mostly based
on junior high school grades.
"Finland has no
private schools."
Not true. They are not very numerous but there are some.
Some are funded by the government and collect no tuition fees; others are
funded by tuition fees. Schools following Steiner pedagogy are one notable example.
"Finnish schools don't assign homework, because it is
assumed that mastery is attained in the classroom."
Simply not true. They do assign homework and expect it to be
completed.
"Finnish schools have sports, but no sports teams.
Competition is not valued."Team sports play a part in P.E. in Finnish
schools; the value given to competition depends on the individual teacher's
attitude. Competitive sports teams are generally formed outside schools.
"The focus is on the individual child. If a child is
falling behind, the highly trained teaching staff recognizes this need and
immediately creates a plan to address the child's individual
needs."Depends on resources. There are individual learning plans, but
things don't happen immediately. Access to extra tuition within the school or
other remedial measures also depend on staff resources, which quite often are
strained.
"Likewise, if a child is soaring ahead and bored, the
staff is trained and prepared to appropriately address this as well."True
if the child happens to be lucky and have a supportive teacher, not
automatically.
Onderwijs. Cultuuroverdracht en kritiek op 'Le maître ignorant van Rancière"
Overbelang van cultuuroverdracht en kritiek op "Le
maître ignorant" van Jacques Rancière - en de sympathie voor de visie van
Rancière vanwege de Leuvense prof. Jan
Masschelein
Inleiding
Ik heb nooit goed
begrepen waarom de Leuvense prof. Jan Masschelein zo hoog opliep met de visie
van de Franse filosoof Jean Rancière
in zijn boek "Le maître ignorant.
In deze bijdrage
stellen we vooreerst een andere visie op kennis- en cultuuroverdracht voor. In
punt 2 komt de visie van Rancière aan de orde. Ten slotte publiceren we in punt
3 een kritiek op de visie van Rancière
1.La transmission est
aussi source démancipation (Hiérarchie et éducation 2/2) juin 8, 2014 -Valéry Witsel
Les nouvelles conceptions de lenseignement qui privilégient
lauto-apprentissage à la transmission sapent lautorité intellectuelle de
lenseignant. Or, il se peut que cette dernière approche soit tout aussi
nécessaire à lépanouissement intellectuel des citoyens que léchange
démocratique.
Après la chaire du prêtre, le trône du roi, le prétoire du
juge, lestrade du professeur tend à vaciller. Depuis les années 70 et
lavènement du rénové, limportance croissante de la place accordée à
lexpression et aux aspirations des élèves a contribué à modifier le statut de
lenseignant et du savoir dont il était dépositaire. À lheure où sont
destituées les grandes figures dautorité, le professeur doit-il sastreindre à
nêtre quun simple citoyen dans le lieu de vie quest la classe ? Comme
dautres espaces, la classe doit-elle devenir un lieu où se vit à chaque
instant la démocratie au nom des droits individuels de chacun ? Si ce nest le
cas, quel fondement autoriserait le professeur à revendiquer un statut
dexception?
Une des tendances actuelles est de partir systématiquement
des impressions ou des opinions des élèves, par souci de liberté dexpression
ou de droit à la différence, pour établir les fondements de la connaissance.
Dès lors,le rôle du prof consisterait-il
seulement à révéler aux élèves ce qui est enfoui en eux-mêmes ? En réalité, il
est illusoire de penser que les jeunes disposent seuls des ressources
suffisantes pour construire le savoir qui leur était autrefois délivré par le
professeur. Sans verser dans lidéalisme naïf du passé, force est de constater
que lexcessive mise en place dexercices dexpression personnelle, de travaux
de recherche ou de débats, sans préparation préalable à un contenu, comporte de
nombreux risques.
Un des dangers de lapplication dogmatique de cette approche
prétendument égalitaire est lenfermement de certains jeunes dans la culture
dispensée par la famille, les médias et la rue. Ces derniers seraient condamnés
à ne jamais entrevoir dhorizons autres que ce quils connaissent déjà. Laccès
au savoir étant très variable dun foyer à lautre, lécole se déchargerait de
sa mission sociale et renforcerait les inégalités. Si lécole doit se garder de
porter a priori un jugement de valeur sur la culture dorigine de ses élèves,
il est essentiel quelle demeure pour tous une fenêtre ouverte sur un «
ailleurs ». Etre à lécoute des besoins et des projets exprimés par chacun est
nécessaire mais insuffisant. Le prof doit aussi éblouir, fasciner, transporter
par son savoir, ses idées et ses passions. De cette façon, lenseignant
regagnera naturellement lestime de ses élèves.
Bien sûr, il est évident que tout savoir nest pas bon à
transmettre. Il ne doit notamment pas se limiter à des connaissances
encyclopédiques ou procédurales qui ont parfois tendance à écraser ou écurer
le jeune. Le savoir doit pouvoir faire sens et pousser celui-ci à questionner
le monde dans lequel il évolue, en toute autonomie. Les enseignants multiples
et divers, riches de leur formation, de leurs expériences et de leurs lectures,
doivent permettre au futur citoyen dentrevoir des champs dexploration
nouveaux à partir desquels ce dernier pourra librement se positionner en
élaborant un projet de vie propre et en sengageant dans la société. Cest de
cette manière que lécole respectera les aspirations individuelles des jeunes.
Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire dassurer aux professeurs une posture
dexception et dassumer linégalité qui caractérise le rapport
professeur-élève au sein de la classe.
Certes, en délivrant un savoir nouveau, « étranger », le
prof ose le risque dasséner une violence symbolique au jeune, en larrachant
momentanément au confort de ses propres perceptions. La langue repliée« en dedans », les oreilles tendues vers « le
dehors », lélève est ainsi sommé de faire abstraction de lui-même. Mais cet
exil momentané, cette tension vers lautre nest-elle pas une des conditions de
possibilité de toute participation à la vie citoyenne ? La construction dune
société commune nimplique-t-elle pas un effacement provisoire des individus au
nom du bien commun ? Le débat démocratique requiert une aptitude à la remise en
question, à lécoute et ne se réduit certainement pas à la somme de paroles
individuelles qui saffrontent. À cet égard, la lutte contre la rumeur bavarde
et assourdissante qui investit les salles de cours est un enjeu crucial qui
dépasse le nécessaire confort du prof dans lexercice de son métier.
Lacceptation dun rapport dautorité dans le cadre de la classe constitue dès
lors, paradoxalement, un apprentissage nécessaire à lexercice démocratique.
La vie dune classe peut être interprétée de façon analogue
à la lecture dun livre où se tisse une relation entre un écrivain et un
lecteur. Le lecteur accepte, pendant le temps de lecture, de seffacer, d«
écouter », de comprendre le contenu dun discours émis par un autre, sans avoir
la possibilité de répondre de façon simultanée. Cest le temps de la réception,
pendant lequel le lecteur accepte potentiellement dêtre chamboulé, remis en
cause, transformé par ce quil lit. Après ce premier rapport asymétrique où
lauteur fait autorité, le lecteur peut ensuite intégrer un processus
dialogique marqué par lhorizontalité, à travers linterprétation, lannotation
ou lécriture dun nouveau livre en réponse. Ce dialogue qui sinstalle est
donc entrecoupé dintervalles où les interlocuteurs acceptent volontiers un
rapport dascendance momentané.
Le rapport dautorité prédominant dans lespace-temps quest
la classe doit-il pour autant interdire tout type dexpérience démocratique
réelle de la part des élèves ? Non, bien sûr. Comme cest le cas à travers
lexpérience de lecture, ces deux exigences ne sont pas nécessairement
contradictoires. Il ne sagit pas dasséner des savoirs que les élèves
nauraient quà croire et prendre pour acquis, sans être discutés, débattus,
mis en perspective. Une fois le sens de lécoute intégré et les notions délivrées
par le prof étudiées et comprises, il
est indispensable que le jeune soit initié, ensuite, de façon cadrée, à la
réflexion, à la critique, à largumentation au travers notamment de temps de
questions et de dialogues. Tout est une question de timing. Le prof a alors
lui-même le devoir de se placer en situation découte et de stimuler
lexpression. De cette manière, la mobilisation individuelle et collective de
savoirs acquis à travers, par exemple, des dissertations ou des temps de
débats doit constituer laboutissement dun processus et une des finalités de
lécole.
Démocratie et autorité nentrent donc pas forcément dans un
rapport dexclusion réciproque. Toutes deux sont indispensables à la formation
dun esprit citoyen.
Pour un autre regard sur la question de la hiérarchie dans
léducation, voir « Le maître ignorant (Rancière) ou laventure de
lémancipation intellectuelle », dans ce même dossier.
2. Le maître ignorant ou laventure de
lémancipation intellectuelle (Hiérarchie et éducation 1/2)
Jonathan Galoppin, juin 8, 2014
Il faut que je vous apprenne que je nai rien à vous
apprendre.J. Jacotot. [1]Il suffirait
dapprendre à être des hommes égaux dans une société inégale. J. Rancière [2]
Laventure de Jacotot
(?)
Le maître ignorant est un livre du philosophe Jacques
Rancière rapportant « laventure intellectuelle » faite par Joseph Jacotot en
1818, alors lecteur de littérature française à luniversité de Louvain. Le
point de départ de cette aventure est le suivant : Jacotot ignorait le
néerlandais et ses élèves, le français. Il ne pouvait donc communiquer que
par le biais dune chose commune : or, il se publiait alors à Bruxelles une
édition bilingue du Télémaque de Fénelon. Jacotot tenta ainsi une expérience singulière
: celle de faire apprendre le français à des élèves avec qui il ne pouvait
communiquer. La nécessité de la situation presque absurde, de prime abord
révéla pourtant à Jacotot ce qui dirigera ensuite lensemble de ses recherches
intellectuelles : lenseignement universel.
En effet, Jacotot, laissant sur cette route hasardeuse ses
élèves livrés à eux-mêmes, fut tout surpris de ce quils avaient pourtant
appris : ils étaient parvenus, en un temps record, à comprendre Fénelon et à
dire ce quils en pensaient en français ! Lacte essentiel du maître nétait-il
pas celui dexpliquer ? Cette expérience venait ainsi ébranler Jacotot dans ses
certitudes celles dun professeur qui, en 30 ans de métier, avait raisonné,
consciencieusement, en explicateur : transmettant ses connaissances en en
dégageant les éléments simples, et menant les esprits dont il avait la charge,
progressivement, vers la complexité. Ainsi, les explications du maître
étaient-elles donc superflues ? Ou, si elles ne létaient pas, à qui et quoi
étaient-elles donc utiles ?
Le système
explicateur et le maître ignorant
Ce que cette expérience met en lumière, selon Rancière
suivant les traces de Jacotot, à travers ses expériences pédagogiques concrètes
, cest quil est nécessaire de renverser la logique du « système explicateur
». En effet, « la logique de lexplication comporte le principe dune
régression à linfini : le redoublement des raisons na pas de raison de
sarrêter jamais » (p. 12 [3]). La seule chose qui arrête cette régression
potentiellement infinie est ce qui donne au système même son assise, à savoir
le (jugement du) maître explicateur lui-même dès lors que lui seul décide « du
point où lexplication est elle-même expliquée » (idem). La seule parole du
maître, son explication, se conçoit alors comme labolissement de la distance
entre savoir et apprenant mais aussi : entre le fait dapprendre et de
comprendre. Rancière en conclut que cest lexplicateur qui a besoin de
lincapable et non linverse : « expliquer quelque chose à quelquun, cest
dabord lui démontrer quil ne peut pas le comprendre par lui-même » (p. 15).
Il sagit ici de démystifier la parabole dun monde divisé
en savants et ignorants. Il est important de comprendre quil nest pas
simplement question de critiquer la vieille pédagogie et « les vieux maîtres
obtus », au contraire. Pour Rancière, labrutisseur est « dautant plus
efficace quil est savant, éclairé et de bonne foi » (p. 17). Que la manière de
faire comprendre soit novatrice, attrayante, dynamique, importe peu : il sagit
toujours du même travail de deuil. Celui que lélève fait lorsquil comprend
ou croit comprendre quil ne comprendra pas sans explication. Rancière opère
ainsi un déplacement dans le rapport au savoir lui-même. Par conséquent, il ne
sagit pas ici dune réflexion pédagogique sur la manière de transmettre un
savoir. Si la transmission est toujours bien au centre de son questionnement,
le savoir nest plus la (seule) finalité. Clarifions à ce sujet une chose
fondamentale : Jacotot (et Rancière) ne proclament pas linutilité du maître en
tant que tel, mais linutilité du maître explicateur. En effet, lexpérience
initiale de Jacotot démontre que si les élèves ont pu se passer dexplication,
ils ne se sont pas pour autant passés dun « maître ».
Volonté, égalité et
ordre social
Ce que prône Jacotot dépasse donc les querelles décoles :
il sagit de bouleverser le « système explicateur » et, partant, lordre social
qui en découle. Notons à ce sujet létonnant paradoxe du dogmatique système
explicateur : tout homme apprend, seul, de nombreuses choses au cours de sa
vie, et cest sans doute ce quil apprend le mieux (sa langue maternelle, par
exemple). Il ny a dailleurs peut-être pas dhomme sur terre qui nait appris
quelque chose sans maître explicateur.
Lenseignement universel de Jacotot nest pas autre chose :
ses principes sont ceux de la plus vieille méthode, celle qui conduit lhomme à
user de sa propre raison. Lenseignement universel ne se débarrasse pas pour
autant du maître, mais il dissocie à travers sa pratique concrète les deux
fonctions du maître explicateur : celle du savant et celle du maître. Il en
résulte que, dans lexpérience de Jacotot, sétablit entre le maître et lélève
un pur rapport de volonté à volonté. Cest ici que Rancière établit la brisure
entre domination émancipatrice et abrutissement explicateur : « il y a
abrutissement là où une intelligence est subordonnée à une autre intelligence »
(p. 25), pas lorsque la sujétion ne sétablit quau travers de la volonté.
Jacotot (et Rancière) ne nient donc pas limportance davoir un maître lorsque
la volonté nest pas assez forte pour agir seule ; lémancipation saccommode
donc de la sujétion dune volonté à une autre, non dintelligence à une autre ;
cest dailleurs dans la coïncidence de ces deux aspects distincts que se noue
labrutissement explicateur.
Reste que nul ne veut se mesurer à la révolution
intellectuelle que cette méthode signifie, insiste Rancière. Lordre des choses
lui interdit dêtre prise pour ce quelle est : la méthode par laquelle chacun
prend conscience de légalité des intelligences et la mesure du pouvoir de celle-ci.
Cette méthode initie donc la rupture totale davec toutes les pédagogies, dès
lors quelles se fondent et fondent leur légitimité, leur pouvoir à travers
lopposition entre science et ignorance. Cest sans doute ce qui fait la force
subversive du message de Jacotot et de Rancière : la critique sadresse aux
fondements mêmes de lordre social établi, au cur de la société pédagogisée.
Le fond du raisonnement est celui-ci : que la forme pédagogique soit ancienne
ou moderne, le postulat est le même, car il sagit dégaliser linégalité
initiale et duser de la ritournelle fantasmatique dune école qui réaliserait
légalité sociale. Comme le dit Rancière, « toute pratique pédagogique explique
linégalité de savoir comme un mal, et un mal réductible dans une progression
indéfinie vers le bien » (p. 197) [4]. Et que lon soit tenant de la « vieille
méthode » ou progressiste importe peu : il ne sagit alors que de
perfectionnement de perfectionnement dans labrutissement, sentend [5]. Car
cest justement en dissociant maîtrise et savoir que Jacotot tente de briser ce
postulat inégalitaire, proclamant haut et fort légalité des intelligences.
La révolution
intellectuelle hors des institutions
En conclusion, la bonne nouvelle de Jacotot est simple :
pour émanciper un ignorant, il faut et il suffit dêtre soi-même émancipé,
cest-à-dire conscient du véritable pouvoir de lesprit humain. Par ailleurs,
on peut enseigner ce quon ignore si on émancipe lélève, cest-à-dire si on le
contraint à user de sa propre intelligence. Ainsi, lenseignement universel est
lexpérience cruciale qui libère les pouvoirs de la raison, mécanisme sans fin
où lintelligence sengendre par et pour elle-même. Remarquons encore ceci :
pour Jacotot, laventure de lémancipation intellectuelle ne peut se vivre au
travers des institutions. Il sagit de passer par les individus et les familles
[6]. Car, comme le dit Rancière : « LInstruction publique [ ] est le bras
séculier du progrès, le moyen dégaliser progressivement linégalité,
cest-à-dire dinégaliser indéfiniment légalité. Tout se joue toujours sur un
seul principe, linégalité des intelligences » (p. 218). Cest précisément là
que se situe la lucidité singulière de Jacotot : avoir entrevu dans lapparent
progrès social dans la promotion de « légalité » par linstruction ,
linégalité institutionnalisée, rationalisée et bonne pour être perfectionnée ;
une égalité toujours retardée (de réforme en réforme) et un ensevelissement de
lémancipation sous linstruction (p. 222).
Ainsi, comprendre la démarche de Jacotot, cest sattacher à
cette idée simple mais vertigineuse car fondamentalement subversive : légalité ne peut être un but atteindre,
mais doit être un point de départ.
[1] Cf. Sommaire des
leçons publiques de M. Jacotot sur les principes de lenseignement universel,
publié par J.S. Van de Weyer, Bruxelles, 1822, p. 11. Cité par Jacques Rancière
dans Le maître ignorant, Fayard (10/18), 1987, p. 28.
[2] Rancière Jacques, Le maître ignorant, Fayard (10/18),
1987, p. 221.
[3] Les citations proviennent du Maître ignorant, cité plus
haut.
[4] Et la fiction du Progrès a vite dépassé les carcans de
la pédagogie scolaire, prenant place comme fiction sociétale affirmée et privilégiée.
[5] Car les progressistes sont, eux aussi, des explicateurs.
Ils continuent à proclamer, à leur manière, linégalité des intelligences. Et
comme le dit abruptement Rancière : « [Ils] nont pas dautre pouvoir que cette
ignorance, cette incapacité du peuple qui fonde leur sacerdoce » (p. 214).
[6] Il sagit de comprendre ici la portée « sociale » du
message jacotiste (bien quil ne sy réduise pas) : le père ou la mère de
famille (que lon pourrait caricaturalement dépeindre comme « pauvre et ignorant
») est typiquement lun des modèles par lequel lémancipation intellectuelle
peut passer, dans lidée de Jacotot.
3. "Le maître
ignorant" de Jacques Rancière... Je suis pas convaincu... Published by
jérôme Bonnemaison - dans Philosophie11
januari 2012
J'ai lu " Le maître ignorant" du philosophe
Jacques Rancière, censé être un texte important sur la pédagogie. Le fleuron
d'une certaine pensée égalitaire (Rancière est un de ces penseurs fidèles au
communisme, qui reviennent actuellement sur le devant de la scène intellectuelle).
J'en sors circonspect. Bon, le moins que l'on puisse dire
est que je suis plutôt court en sciences de l'éducation et pour tout ce qui
concerne ces débats entre pédagogues... Et je ne voudrais pas tomber dans des
clichés faute de disposer de mises en perspective suffisantes pour éclairer ce
livre. Mais bon...
Jacques Rancière a déterré de l'oubli l'oeuvre et les
expériences du sieur Joseph Jacotot, qui au début du 19eme siècle se lança, un
peu par hasard au début, dans une révolution pédagogique qui resta lettre morte
(ce qui désole Rancière). Le livre décrit cette expérience, sans vraiment
entrer dans les détails historiques (c'est regrettable à mon avis car du coup
le livre devient largement conceptuel et assez verbeux) et essaie d'en tirer
les conclusions, en expliquant pourquoi la tentative de ce Jacotot si génial
fut une hérésie que les institutions s'empressèrent de liquider.
Jacotot, qui par les aléas de la vie se retrouve à Louvain,
doit apprendre le Français à des élèves qui ne causent pas un mot de français
et avec lesquels il ne peut pas échanger. Faute d'autre solution, il se sert
d'un livre de Fénelon (Télémaque) et de sa traduction. Il leur demande de le
lire et de le répéter systématiquement, de tenter par la comparaison, d'en
tirer une acquisition du français. Fénelon, c'est le français classique. Un bon
début quoi... Puis il leur demande de parler en français de ce qu'ils ont lu.
Et il est stupéfait du résultat : les élèves parviennent, sans qu'on leur ait
appris quoi que ce soit, à s'exprimer correctement.
Jacotot va poursuivre en ce sens, sans jamais édifier un
système. Son approche (plus qu'une méthode) va prendre le nom
d'"enseignement universel". Elle montre qu'on peut enseigner un
savoir sans le connaître soi-même. Elle vise non pas à "abrutir"
(c'est le terme de Rancière) en imposant un savoir, mais à
"émanciper", c'est à dire à démontrer à l'élève qu'il peut accéder
lui-même au savoir, à partir de n'importe quelle parole humaine. Car "tout
est dans tout" : on peut entrer dans le savoir, user de son intelligence,
en prendre conscience, en saisir l'universalité, à partir de n'importe quelle
création humaine, qu'il s'agira de comparer à d'autres pour avancer.
Jacotot met ainsi en avant une idée radicale : l'égalité de
toutes les intelligences. Autre idée forte de Jacotot : le langage n'est qu'une
technique. L'intelligence préexiste au langage. L'idée qu'il faille enseigner
un langage pour développer l'intelligence des élèves est fausse.
Il se heurte à la fois aux courants réactionnaires, qui
défendent l'inégalité le plus vaillamment, mais aussi au progressisme
républicain fondé sur l'idée du développement des intelligences, sur la notion
d'instruction, sur la construction d'un système d'éducation progressif, gradué,
un peu à l'image du développement de l'individu. Ce qui est subversif chez
Jacotot c'est qu'il dynamite l'instruction et la nécessité des instructeurs.
N'importe qui peut enseigner selon ses principes, et un maître qui ne connaît
pas une note de musique peut enseigner la guitare, car enseigner c'est émanciper.
Jacotot passera ainsi sa vie à recevoir des pères de famille ignorants pour
leur expliquer rapidement comment émanciper leurs enfants et les conduire sur
le chemin du savoir.
Jacotot aura des admirateurs, des continuateurs, mais au
mieux ils intègreront l'émancipation dans un projet progressiste organisé,
n'éliminant pas l'instruction. Mais Jacotot restera un hérétique car il
remettait en réalité en cause la nécessité du pédagogue lui-même. L'instruction
apparaît comme une domination, un pouvoir, et part au fond du postulat de
l'inégalité de l'intelligence.
Ce qui me gêne dans le livre, c'est d'abord que Rancière
assène que ça marche. Les élèves apprennent vite et bien. Voila donc, ça
fonctionnerait. Des témoins l'ont affirmé et on les prend au pied de la lettre.
Mais qui sont les élèves ? De quels résultats parle t-on ? La description du
cheminement des élèves est très sommaire, et Rancière se concentre sur des
développements conceptuels autour de cette notion d'enseignement universel, de
ce qu'elle implique en termes de conception de l'homme, etc... Moi, désolé, ça
ne me suffit pas.... Le philosophe aurait du emprunter un peu au sociologue ou
à l'anthropologue.
Sans doute certains éléments sont-ils séduisants dans
l'expérience de Jacotot et dans les réflexions qu'elles inspirent à jacques
Rancière. L'idée que "tout est dans tout" me paraît excellente. Mais
pourquoi écrire cela en 1987 ? Il me semble que l'Education Nationale a depuis
longtemps intégré cette idée là, et la diversification des supports de
l'enseignement est une vieille réalité.
Bien entendu, on peut aider quelqu'un à s'emparer d'un
savoir qu'on ignore soi-même, car il y a des clés pour s'attaquer à ces
forteresses, et le maître peut les apporter.
Quand Rancière via Jacotot parle
d'"abrutissement", on peut aussi opiner du chef. Nous avons tous
connu, malheureusement, le primat détestable du cours magistral... Ces tunnels
d'heures de cours passés à écrire ce que le maître, le professeur, le maître de
conférences alignait... Pour en tirer quoi ?Nous savons tous aussi que les élèves sont soumis à un culte de la
moyenne imbécile qui méprise leur propre rythme de développement, bref leur
singularité. D'ici à conclure que toute "instruction" est
"abrutissement", il y a un pas que je franchirai pas pour ma part.
L'idée de l'émancipation me plaît aussi. Si je replonge dans
mon enfance, je vois bien que des démarches personnelles (la lecture des BD
pour moi par exemple) m'ont peut-être plus formé à l'exercice du Français que
bien des cours de collège. Mais cependant, auraient-elles été possibles, ces
démarches émancipées, sans le soutien de bases fortes ? Sans cette part forcée
de l'éducation, et pénible : apprendre à déchiffrer les syllabes, l'alphabet,
réciter les nombres... J'en doute. Tout apprentissage intègre une part de
contrainte, de souffrance aussi. Résumer tout cela à l'émancipation me semble
un peu (faussement) candide.
Ce qui me gêne aussi dans la réflexion de Rancière, c'est
qu'elle élude la transmission, sa beauté et sa grandeur. Elle réduit
l'explication à la domination. Oui il y a un rapport d'autorité dans la
transmission. Et alors ? Il y a aussi la grandeur de passer le relais, de ne
pas repartir à zéro, de bâtir sur ce qu'a produit la génération prédécente.
Aujourd'hui il y a un mépris de la transmission, cette idée qu'il ne faut pas
prendre le temps de regarder ce qui s'est dit et pratiqué dans le passé. A la
dissertation, qui utilise les grandes pensées du passé, on préfère l'expression
de soi. Mais qu'exprime t-on ? Avant de s'exprimer encore faudrait-il se
tourner vers ceux qui ont essayé de comprendre ! La pensée de Rancière, alliée
à la facilité de l'expression de soi grâce aux nouvelles technologies, ne
conduit-elle pas à mépriser le passé ?
D'autant plus que le postulat radical : "toutes les
intelligences sont égales" rend inutile la transmission, finalement.
"Toutes les intelligences sont égales", c'est tout de même une idée
différente de celle des Lumières qui considère que tous les êtres humains sont
également dotés en Raison.
Pour ma part je souscris tout à fait à cette deuxième idée,
mais l'égalitarisme forcené de la première me laisse un peu pantois. D'abord
parce que je ne suis pas certain, contrairement à Rancière, que l'intelligence
est une seule et même chose. Ma nullité crasse en maths n'a jamais été
démentie, même par l'effort... Et je ne suis pas sûr que ce soit faute
d'émancipation de ma part...Ensuite
parce que je pense qu'il nous est impossible de comprendre comment Mozart
devient Mozart, même si nous savons que tout le monde ne pourrait pas devenir
Mozart (et d'ailleurs il n'y a eu qu'un Mozart et il n'y en aura plus d'autre).
Et en définitive tant mieux, cela nous rend moins pérméable à l'action des
pouvoirs... L'Homme est irréductible et c'est très bien. Sans trancher sur ce
qui conduit les êtres à devenir eux-mêmes, si nous parvenions à l'égalité des
droits, ce serait déjà très bien... Et nous en sommes très loins, nous nous en
éloignons.
Au fond, Rancière est resté l'élève d'Althusser et le
maoïste qu'il a été (je ne sais pas à quel point d'engagement). Dans le maoïsme
occidental, phénomène petit-bourgeois intellectuel par excellence, il y avait
la honte de soi. Et la volonté d'expier son statut privilégié à cette époque où
les étudiants n'étaient qu'une minorité : d'où la fascination pour un
prolétariat recréé de toutes pièces. Un de leurs slogans était tout à fait
parlant : "Se mettre à l'école du peuple"... L'intellectuel est
forcément un tyran en puissance, un exploiteur et un dégénéré, et il paie cela
en allant s'établir en Usine (comme les intellectuels chinois qu'on envoyait de
force à la campagne, ce qui déstabilisa l'économie du pays et entraîna des
famines monstrueuses). J'avoue que pour ma part, issu d'un milieu populaire, je
ne trouve pas qu'en progressant scolairement j'aurais dégénéré et je suis
plutôt content de mon parcours et de ce que j'ai pu puiser dans l'école
républicaine malgré tous ses défauts, son hypocrisie de machine à trier, et ses
aspects proprement révoltants parfois. Je sais aussi ce que je dois aux
"instructeurs" un peu sévères qui m'ont obligé à me mobiliser, à
apprendre des leçons bêtement parfois.
Rancière voit l'enseignement classique, bâti sur la
progression, conçu comme une construction, comme un système de domination. Au
contraire, il me semble que l'idée de construire sur des bases a montré son
efficacité, a éduqué des générations. Et on sait ce que coûte l'insuffisance de
bases. Le savoir a besoin d'être organisé, et cela n'est pas spontané. Cela
relève de la transmission justement : de ce que nos prédecesseurs ont trouvé,
expérimenté, et qu'ils nous lèguent. Comment se réclamer du progrès humain en
abolissant la transmission ?
Enfin il y a une idée chez Rancière qui me déplaît
foncièrement et me semble dangereuse : c'est l'idée que le langage est neutre.
Qu'il n'influence pas l'intelligence. C'est une idée qui me paraît, justement,
typique de quelqu'un qui a du accéder à un langage riche très vite dans son
enfance. L'épanouissement de l'intelligence, me semble t-il au contraire, est
très lié au langage qui lui donne forme. La nuance c'est la liberté. L'absence
de nuance, c'est se faire berner. Les dominés sont des êtres privés de la
puissance du langage, et des dispositifs puissants essaient de les flatter en
ce sens, de les confiner dans la pauvreté du langage. Ne pas nommer c'est ne
pas saisir la réalité. S'il y a une urgence dans le combat éducatif, c'est bien
de défendre la puissance de la langue et de la diffuser. Dans ce Blog j'ai dit
plusieurs fois mon admiration pour Georges Orwell, dont le chef d'oeuvre
"1984" repose sur ce lien entre totalitarisme et appauvrissement du
langage. Prétendre défendre l'"émancipation" comme Rancière et
réserver au langage une place secondaire, c'est un contresens absolu. Telle est
mon impression en tout cas.
Rancière reste sans doute marqué par sa jeunesse
intellectuelle quand il écrit "le maître ignorant". Et au final je ne
partage pas son enthousiasme pour l'enseignement universel même si l'apport de
Joseph Jacotot, démontrant que le peuple pouvait apprendre, qu'il n'était pas
condamné à l'obscurantisme, et qu'il n'y avait pas de différence de nature
entre les sachants et les autres, est salutaire.
Reacties
Bill: Sait-on
comment Rancière, qui était professeur, enseignait lui-même? A chaque fois que
je l'ai entendu sur un média, il avait une approche très magistrale (j'explique
ce que je sais cette histoire de Jacotot par exemple - à quelqu'un qui ne
sait pas). Ses lives eux-mêmes assènent un savoir, de haut en bas, sans laisser
vraiment de place à la contradiction. Il serait intéressantd'avoir des
témoignages de ses étudiants en philosophie. De même Rancière semble souvent
prendre ses désirs (qu'on peut partager) pour des réalités. Il présuppose
souvent que les ouvriers, les pauvres, les ignorants sont savants, mais sans
réellement le prouver, ou alors en allant chercher des expériences très
marginales (quelques membres de l'élite ouvrière du milieu du XIXè qui
écrivent, oh miracle, de la littérature, des élèves qui apprennent une langue
en lisant le Télémaque, etc...) qui ne sauraient faire oublier que l'immense
majorité des classes populaires n'a pas accès, ou a moins accès, à la culture
légitime. Mais dire cela, pour Rancière, c'est mépriser les ouvriers...
jérôme Bonnemaison: Je suis d'accord,
"Bill". Tout le monde doit refuser d'être "sachant", sauf
lui. Lui il peut l'être, et lui seul. Et les copains de son courant
intellectuel aussi. Encore une preuve du fait que décidément on ne peut pas se
regarder passer dans la rue depuis sa propre fenêtre.
jérôme Bonnemaison : d'accord avec ton
analyse Bill. Le propos de rancière me paraît typique de quelqu'un qui n'a
jamais ressenti le sentiment d'ignorance.
Onderwijs. Wat loopt er zoal fout op onze Finse scholen? Interview met Maarit Korhonen
Quest-ce qui ne va pas avec nos écoles (Wat
loopt er fout op onze Finse scholen) ?Entretien avec Maarit Korhonen (Finse
lerarares) (Men doet weinig of niets
voor de betere leerlingen, enz.) (Bijdrage in: Recherches en Education - n°16 - Juin 2013)
Auteur: Fred Dervin (prof. universiteit Finland)
Présentation : Maarit Korhonen est enseignante du primaire
depuis plus de trente ans. En août 2012, elle a publiéunpamphlet (boek!) intitulé Quest-cequi nevapasavecnos écoles
? (Koulunvika ? en finnois),dans lequelelle racontelequotidiendans plusieursécolesfinlandaisesoùellea travaillé. Nous avons pu la rencontrer pour parler de son
livre.
Fred Dervin : La première question que jai envie de vous
poser, cest pourquoi avez-vous décidé décrire ce livre ? Quand lidée vous
est-elle venue ?
MaaritKorhonen
:Ilyadeuxraisonsen fait.Dabord,jétaisfatiguéedentendrecequelesmédias racontaient sur lécole finlandaise et
sur le travail des enseignants. La deuxième raisonest liée au fait que jai travaillé dans une
école très élitiste à Helsinki, Kulosaari, il y a deux ans. Javaisdécidédytravaillercar jene supportais
plus lesassistantessocialesetlaccompagnement
des familles en difficulté, là où je travaillais. Je voulais enseigner, pas
jouer lassistante sociale, alors jai choisi la meilleure école en Finlande,
jai envoyé mes papiers et jaipuobtenirunpostepourun an.
Audébut, jétais
choquée :je nesavais pasquilyavait desfamilles si riches en Finlande. Le matin, le père venait chercher ses enfants
en Ferrari et tout cet argent, tous ces gamins qui ont déjà pu faire le tour du
monde au moins une fois. Jarrivais duneécole à Turku où les enfants navaient même pas les moyens de sacheter
des bottes dhiver.Alors que là, ils
avaient tout. Certains avaient par exemple cinq maisons ! Mais ces gamins, ils nétaient
pas heureux. Jaurais pensé avant quils auraient été plus heureux que les
autres, maisjavais tort. La plupart
était sous la pression des parents: il
leur fallait un 10/10 partout autrement les parents se mettaient en colère ! En
plus, les enfants avaient plein doccupations, des dizainesde hobbies à la sortie de lécole... et des
parents souvent absents de la maison. Je me demandetoujours lesquels sont les plus heureux : les
« pauvres » ou les « riches ». Donc pendant mon année là-bas, je me suis dit :
il faut absolument que je publie un livre sur ça, sur ce contraste !
FD : Vous êtes lune des premières personnes à qui je parle
de léducation finlandaise et qui faitréférence
aux classes sociales
MK :Quandjeparlais àcesgossesdehuit ansàHelsinki,cétaitcommesijeparlaisàdesjeunesdedouzeansdanslautreécoleàTurku.Leursconnaissancesgénéralesétaientépatantes.Jepouvaisallerenprofondeurdurantlescoursdereligion.Çacétaitduvraienseignement
! Je suis sûre que ces gamins iront très loin dans la vie. En plus, leurs parents
connaissent tout le monde ; ils ont dexcellents réseaux. Pourtant, je me
demande sils vont tousréussircarilyabeaucoupdepressiondelapartdesparents.Jaivudesenfantssouffrant danorexie, de dépression, déjà à huit ans !
FD : Donc la Finlande connaît bien le phénomène de la
reproduction sociale ?
MK : Bien sûr, ces parents ont de largent pour payer des cours
privés
FD : Il y en a en Finlande ?
MK : Si les enfants napprennent pas par exemple, quand on
a commencé la première leçondemathématiquesà Helsinki,unélèvemadit:« jaidéjàfaittoutçapendantlété ».Il était excellent ! Jai donné moi-même des
cours privés Il y a aussi des cours dété en Angleterre, aux Etats-Unis en
bref, tout pour sassurer que leurs enfants seront docteurs ou avocats.
FD : Et ça sentend en finnois ? Je veux dire la classe
sociale ?
MK : Pas vraiment mais par exemple, je suis assez inquiète
pour mes CM2 (2de jaar s.o.) cette
année. Lemanque de vocabulaire en
finnois est effrayant. Jai utilisé par exemple le mot aukeama (diffuser) lautre
jour et je leur ai demandé sils le connaissaient. Ils mont dit que non. Donc
les mots debaseleurmanquent.Danslesendroitsaisés,ilsnontpasceproblème. Aucontraire, ils connaissent des mots et expressions
soutenus qui métonnaient parfois.
FD : Jai lu récemment dans Helsingin Sanomat (journal
national finlandais) quun bon nombre deparents commencent à « tester » les écoles avant dinscrire leurs
enfants. Cest vrai ?
MK :Sansaucundoute.Pourmespropresenfants,jeleferais. Jappellerais le
proviseur pour lui demander si lenseignant est compétent par exemple
FD : Je vous arrête à nouveau, mais y a-t-il des profs
incompétents ici ?
MK : Nimporte qui peut travailler comme enseignant en
Finlande, comme remplaçant pendant unanjeveuxdire,sansavoiraucunequalification. Dansmon école actuelle,on avaitune enseignante russe, compétente en Russie,
mais pas en Finlande. Elle parlait très mal le finnois. Et bien, elle a
enseigné le CE1 pendant un an et personne ne sest plaint.
FD : Cela veut-il dire quil y a une pénurie denseignants
comme en Angleterre ? MK : Non, je ne pense pas. Cest encore très difficile
dentrer dans les instituts de formation. Lesjeunes sont toujours intéressés par le métier. Les profs sont vraiment
respectés ici : durant les réunions avec les parents, tout le monde se tait et
écoute le prof comme sil était un prêtre !
FD : Jai fait monteacher training en Angleterre et là-bas les profs sont peu respectés à
mon avis. Les médias se moquent souvent deux
MK : On na pas ça en Finlande. Les gens vous respectent.
Parfois jutilise dailleurs mon statutde
prof. Par exemple, lautre jour, un gendarme ma arrêtée parce que je roulais
un peu trop vite,quandilaapprisma profession,ilmalaisséepartir (Rires).Cestcertainementpourquoibeaucoup de jeunes
veulent devenir profs. Le respect.
FD : Dans de nombreux pays, personne ne veut devenir enseignant.
Ce qui métonne dans mondépartement à
Helsinki, cest le nombre incroyable de candidats pour lexamen dentrée,
surtoutpour le primaire. Cest très
bien mais jai du mal à comprendre cet attrait
MK : Oui cest un bon métier mal payé toutefois !
FD : Parlons à présent des migrants si vous le voulez bien.
Vous travaillez comme enseignante depuis trente ans en Finlande, vous avez
certainement pu observer de nombreux changements en la matière. Comment cela
influence-t-il votre travail ?
MK : Je ny prête même plus attention. Actuellement, jai
vingt-deux élèves dans ma classe dont huit « migrants », entre guillemets
FD : Pourquoi entre guillemets ?
MK :IlssontnésenFinlandemaisleursparentsviennentdelétranger.Etpourtant,onles appelle des immigrés, au moins durant les six premières années à
lécole. Surtout sils ne parlentpas
finnois à la maison, alors ce sont des « migrants ». Dans le cas de mes élèves,
ils parlent un finnois excellent et je dirais quils écrivent mieux que mes
élèves « finlandais ». Le seul problème avec les élèves « migrants », cest que
je dois les envoyer chez dautres enseignants parce quilssont « migrants ». Par exemple, lannée
dernière, je ne voyais certains gamins que trois heures par semaine au lieu de
vingt-deux heures.
FD : Ils allaient où exactement ?
MK : Ils avaient le finnois comme langue seconde pendant
quatre heures, la géographie avec un enseignantquileurexpliquaitlesmotsdifficiles, les mathématiques avec un enseignant spécialisé. Ils avaient aussi des
cours de langue 1, une heure par semaine.
FD : Ils ont le droit de refuser les cours de langue 1 ?
MK :Non,cestobligatoire.Jaivérifiéavec leMinistère lannéedernière parceque javaisunproblème avec un garçon qui se
plaignait. Il me répétait tout le temps quil ne parlait pas du toutle même type de kurde que son prof et quil
ny comprenait rien Cest un véritable chaos ! Je crois que quelquun a
inventé ce système sans trop réfléchir Il y a dix ans, on avait des élèves migrants,cest-à-direquivenaientvraimentdailleursetneparlaientpasunmotdefinnois,ilfallait donc leur apprendre.
Maintenant avec ceux qui sont nés ici et qui parlent finnois, on les traite de
la même façon. On a dix ans de retard ! Cest un système ridicule : les
proviseurs savent quilsreçoiventplusdargentquandilsdisentquilsont50%demigrantsdansleursétablissements. A mon avis, on devrait traiter ces enfants comme des «
Finlandais », les parents peuvent faire le reste avec la langue et la culture «
dorigine » !
FD :Vousnavezpaspeurdepasserpourune« raciste »endisantça ?Jeveuxdireque certaines personnes
pourraient vous accuser de faire preuve dassimilationnisme
MK :Je ne pense pas quelalangueet laculturedesparentssoientdelaresponsabilitéde lécole.Onnapasassezderessourcespoursoccuperdes«
Finlandais ».Toutva pourles « migrants » mais tous les enfants talentueux voire doués, on ne fait
rien pour eux. Par exemple, siunenfantadesproblèmesenmathématiques,jenaiquuneheuresupplémentaireparsemainepourlaider.Cestridiculecarles«
migrants »nousdemandenttoutletempssilspeuvent aller dans les
classes « normales » avec les autres, sils peuvent étudier en finnois. On doit
leur dire non. Cest la loi
FD : Les parents se plaignent-ils de ce système ?
MK : Non, parce quils ne savent pas que ça marche comme ça.
Les parents des « migrants », eux, ne veulent pas de ces cours. Ils exigent
souvent que leurs enfants soient avec les autres. Les Russes par exemple.
Parfois, ça marche mais ça dépend du proviseur.
FD : Parlons un peu de PISA. Vous expliquez comment le
succès finlandais ?
MK : Pour moi, cest clair : cest une question de moyenne.
Tous nos élèves arrivent à atteindre le niveau minimal, qui pour moi est 8/10.
Jenseigne jusquà ce que tout le monde obtienne cettenote. Mais
les plus doués nont aucune motivation, en fait, on ne soccupe même pas
deux.
FD : Que se
passe-t-il alors pour eux ?
MK :Rien.Jamaisrien.Ilsrestentassisànerienfaire,àattendre oubienlenseignantleurdonne
du travail supplémentaire ou ils aident les autres. Les manuels ne vont jamais
très loin non plus. On devrait avoir des classes spéciales pour eux ou même des
établissements. Mais cest un tabou dans ce pays
FD :Maiscestcontradictoirecarquandonarriveàluniversité,ondoitpasserunconcoursdentrée et seuls les plus talentueux peuvent y entrer MK : On dit
souvent quau primaire et au collège, on na pas besoin de faire de différences
entreles élèves. Mais vous avez raison,
au lycée et à luniversité, cest très compétitif. Ma nièce, quiesttrèsdouéeparexemple,narienfaitpendantsesannéesauprimaireetaucollègeetpourtant sa moyenne était de
9,7/10 tout le temps. Quand elle est arrivée au lycée, cest là oùelle a commencé à travailler.
FD : Bon, passons à lévaluation. Lune des idées qui
circulent sur léducation finlandaise, cestquil ny en a pas
MK : Ah bon ? On évalue dès le CP
FD : Mais on ne donne pas de notes ?
MK :Biensûr quesi çapeut dépendre de lécole,jecrois.Dans mon école,ondonnedesnotes en finnois, mathématiques et anglais
jusquau CE2, puis dans toutes les matières. Aune époque, on avait abandonné lévaluation formative mais on y est revenus
rapidement (rires). Moi,jaime évaluer
car si on ne donne pas de notes, il me semble que le niveau baisse, on
narrivepas à contrôler
lapprentissage.
FD : Les parents se plaignent-ils parfois des notes ?
MK : Oui, surtout les plus « riches » (rires). Alécole où jenseignais à Helsinki, je me
souviensdelapremièrefoisoùjairendudesnotes.8,5/10étaitlanotelaplusbasse.Deux outroisenfantssesontmisàpleurercarilssattendaientàobtenirun10 Jenaiparléavecdesparentsquimontditque8nevalaitrien.Unemamanmamêmedit : « pour8,il suffit simplement de venir en classe, pas besoin de travailler. 10,
cest autre chose ».
FD :Cesttrèsintéressant !Alors,pourfinircetentretien,vouspouvezmedirecequevous aimez dans le système finlandais et ce qui vous déplait ?
MK : Dabord. Ce que jaime, cest le fait que les
enseignants finlandais reçoivent tous la mêmeformation et quils sont relativement compétents. Jai du mal à trouver
dautres choses là commeça (rires).
FD : Et le fait que les repas sont gratuits du primaire au
lycée ?
FD : Oui, mais enfin tous les parents ne peuvent pas se
payer un repas à sept ouneuf euros tous
les jours
MK : Je parle des parents qui travaillent et qui doivent
aller dans un restaurant ou une cafétéria. Bon mais peu importe en tout cas, à
lécole, oui, cest bien quon leur offre ces repas car pourcertains, cest le seul repas chaud de la
journée quils reçoivent. Quand même, je pense que laqualité de la nourriture est très mauvaise
surtout en termes de goût, parfois cest froid, il ny apas assez pour tout le monde Pour moi, cest
honteux ! Je conseille dailleurs aux enfants deprendre un petit sandwich avec eux car on
mange à midi et, entre 8 heures et midi, ils ont faim
FD : Autre chose que vous naimez pas ?
MK : Les manières des enfants. Ils ne disent plus bonjour,
je dois insister pour quils me saluent.Mêmechoseaveclesstagiairesdanslesinstitutsdeformation.Quandjetravaillaisàlécolenormale de Turku, je ne
comprenais pas pourquoi par exemple les étudiants entraient dans nos classesavecducaféet desgâteaux.Je leschassais !Quant auxparents,jenaivuse faire insulter par leurs enfants dans les
conseils de classe. Je me souviens de cette fille de neuf ansquinarrêtaitpasdêtrevulgaireavecsamère,elleluifaisaitdudoigt,etc.Ellelamêmefaitpleurer devant moi !
Dat betekent dus ook dat er enkel een 'gemeenschappelijke' lagere cyclus s.o. mogelijk is met weinig differentiatie en (technische) opties. Dit is een grote handicap.
Onderwijs. Wordt Gardner's MI-theorie (mythe) met succes toegepast in Fina onderwijs?
Pasi Sahlberg: "Howard Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences became a leading idea in Finnish education' !???
Werd/wordt Gardner's MI (multiple intelligences) -theorie (lees:mythe) met succes toegepast in het Fins onderwijs? (Tussendoor: de voorbije jaren verschenen veel bijdragen over de MI-mythe - ook in Onderwijskrant).
Fantaseert Pasi Sahlberg er o.i. op los als hij op zijn blog beweert: "The spirit of 1970s school reform in Finland included another idea that der...ives from U.S. universities and scholars: development of the whole child. ... After abolishing all streaming and tracking of students in the mid-1980s, both education policies and school practices adopted the principle that all children have different kinds of intelligences and that schools must find ways how to cultivate these different individual aspects in balanced ways. Howard Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences became a leading idea in transferring these policy principles to school practice. Again, the 1994 National Curriculum emphasizes that school education must provide all students with opportunities to develop all aspects of their minds. As a consequence, that curriculum framework required that all schools have a balanced program, blending academic subjects with art, music, crafts, and physical education. This framework moreover mandated that all schools provide students with sufficient time for their self-directive activities. Gardners influence has also been notable in the Finnish system by conferring a broader definition of talent.. Today, Finnish teachers believe that over 90 percent of students can learn successfully in their own classrooms if given the opportunity to evolve in a holistic manner."
Nefaste Invloed van
sociologie bourdieusienne op ideologie van en ontscholing in - collège unique (gemeenschappelijke lagere
cyclus ) in Frankrijk.
Passages uit bijdrage
Linstauration dun nouvel ordre moral sur léducation des jeunes van Nathalie
Bulle (prof. sociologie) in Revue SKHOLE France
Les sciences
humaines sont par ailleurs marquées, à cette époque (= vanaf jaren 60-70), par
lapproche structuraliste issue de la linguistique et, en sociologie, par les
interprétations de nature culturaliste, notamment dans la lignée
néo-marxiste[11] de la sociologie bourdieusienne. Les explications culturelles
viennent rénover le schéma marxiste. Le pouvoir social de la classe dominante
et sa reproduction ne sont plus tant supposés senraciner dans la maîtrise des
moyens de production économique, que dans celle des moyens de production «
idéologico-culturels ». Le caractère radical de la critique développée
engendre, en particulier chez les enseignants, alors convaincus que lécole
reproduit à travers eux des inégalités contre lesquelles ils pensaient au
contraire lutter, une conscience malheureuse qui sest révélée, ainsi que
certains lexpriment aujourdhui, en définitive très destructrice.
Les sciences humaines scandent à cette époque la fin de
luniversel en lhomme. Le structuralisme amène à concevoir les cultures comme
des totalités irréductibles, le monde commun comme une illusion, les structures
normatives à partir desquelles sorganisent les échanges comme surimposant un
sens caché, au sens exprimé ouvertement. La langue apparaît le véhicule dun
ordre moral et politique : « La langue elle est tout simplement fasciste ; car
le fascisme, ce nest pas dempêcher de dire, cest dobliger à dire » déclare
Roland Barthes dans sa conférence inaugurale au Collège de France, en 1977.
La critique sociale touche de plein fouet lécole. La
conscience collective nest plus vue comme en accord avec la conscience
individuelle mais source doppression et daliénation, que ce soit à travers
les institutions ou la culture transmise, lécole est au centre des attaques.
Lhomme ne maîtrise pas le sens profond de son action. Ce dernier est élaboré
socialement. Ce sont les circonstances sociales, et non plus lhomme, qui
doivent dès lors être mises au centre du processus éducatif, suivant le
mouvement qui accrédite les prémisses naturalistes des conceptions
progressistes, et quentérinera la célèbre loi dorientation sur léducation de
1989. Nous vivons, dès lors, une étape idéologique qui se situe sur le même
terrain que la critique des années soixante et soixante-dix, mais qui
réconcilie conscience commune et conscience individuelle par une mise en valeur
de la construction collective des normes daction et de pensée. La forme tenue
pour typiquement démocratique de la construction des savoirs sappuie sur la
notion dinteraction. La participation active du citoyen dans une société
démocratique est pensée contre la réflexivité qui lisole et qui suspend son
action. Elle est pensée comme mise en commun des points de vue et des jugements
individuels. Le collectif devient lobjectif, et lindividuel advient sur fond
de social.
Léducateur progressiste tient tacitement lécole pour
légataire de la fonction socialisatrice de lEglise. La justification du nouvel
ordre moral quil entend instaurer à lécole sappuie sur son opposition avec
lordre ancien. La critique développée à lencontre de lapprentissage des
disciplines de nature académiques trahit cet objectif moral, indépendamment de
toute préoccupation relative aux objectifs cognitifs propres de lécole. La
relation asymétrique entre celui qui sait et celui qui apprend est assimilée à
une forme dorganisation sociale fondée sur lautorité. Elle est interprétée
comme participant dune étape archaïque, infantile, une étape antérieure à
celle de la réalisation des formes naturelles, c'est-à-dire démocratiques, de
lexpérience humaine. Cest pourquoi lenseignement des disciplines est
aujourdhui tenu pour régressif. Le progressisme pédagogique confond les formes
de lordre politico-moral et les formes de la médiation sociale qui
sous-tendent le développement intellectuel. Dès lors, les savoirs constitués
représentent une pensée reçue, détachée du réel et du vécu. Ils sont associés
au rôle social antérieurement joué par le sacré, à la reproduction dun ordre
existant. Labstraction, le formel, évoquent les relations avec un monde
supra-naturel fictif. Lenseignant est comparé au prêtre, représentant dune
autorité supérieure, dispensant la bonne parole. En même temps ce qui est
interne évoque le religieux, le spirituel, un monde du passé. La culture individuelle,
lintériorité, passent pour contre-nature. Le citoyen dans la société
démocratique moderne doit être, dune manière concrète, tourné vers le monde
extérieur, les autres et le monde naturel.
Les représentations de lhomme et de son développement qui
ont investi lécole sont centrées non plus sur les facultés rationnelles de
lhomme, liant à lorigine lhumanité au divin ce que montrent les célèbres
analyses de Durkheim[12] - mais sur la société comme entité donnant désormais
son sens à lexpérience humaine. Ainsi le thème religieux est-il
intrinsèquement présent, dans son retournement même. La lutte contre
lenseignement des disciplines exprime une lutte morale dont lobjet est de
positionner le social à la place laissée libre par le sacré, comme dimension
organisatrice de la société, faisant de léducation le fondement de la société
moderne, un substitut du religieux.[13]
Une mise au jour des processus qui ont conduit à la
domination dun ordre moral sur lécole, processus qui mettent au second plan
la question des développements intellectuels et culturels des élèves, ne
prétend pas que la mission la plus fondamentale de lécole ne soit pas dordre
moral. Mais une fois clarifiée la grande mystification pédagogique moderne,
plus grave que celle qui consistait, avec lécole républicaine, à tenir pour
universelle des valeurs culturelles qui répondaient à un idéal humain
particulier, apparaît celle qui consiste à tenir pour formatrices et inhérentes
aux transformations des sociétés démocratiques modernes, des valeurs
pédagogiques intellectuellement régressives. Toute éducation suppose et a
toujours supposé un choix moral, un idéal en termes de développement humain.
Mais cet idéal ne peut pas être atteint à partir de prémisses psychologiques
réductrices. Le manque de réflexions fondamentales, la crise structurelle de
lécole dans les sociétés démocratiques, la crise plus générale des
institutions sociales révélée par la critique radicale des années 1960s et
1970s, la démission ou la compromission politique, ont conduit à donner la
faveur à des idées pédagogiques qui justifient le discrédit de lenseignement
des disciplines, autrement dit des formes explicites, progressives et
finalisées de transmission des savoirs. Fort de cette prise de recul sur quarante
années dexpérimentations avortées, il reste à définir quels sont les besoins
intellectuels et culturels de lhomme de demain, membre actif et averti de la
société démocratique, professionnel en qualité et en responsabilité et, avant
tout et par-dessus tout, être humain accompli. Et il reste à définir quelle
école sera la mieux à même de satisfaire ces besoins.
Onderwijs. Finse professor over Finse onderwijsbluf van Pasi Sahlberg en co
Finse professor over Finse
onderwijsbluf van Pasi Sahlberg en co
Fred Dervin, prof. in Finland, hekelt de Finse bluf van Pasi Sahlberg en co
in de bijdrage La Finlande au-delà des mythes? in: Recherches en Education -
n°16 - Juin 2013
1. Finland-propaganda van Pasi Sahlberg
e.d. ; negatie van binnenlandse kritiek
Ce
qui surprend a priori lorsque lon sintéresse à léducation finlandaise « de
lintérieur », cest le sentimentde«doublebind »,voiredeschizophrénie,quinoustraverse.Duncôté,ilyaleslouanges en dehors du pays mais dun autre,
les critiques répétées à lintérieur (qui sont très peuvéhiculées à létranger).(NvdR: volgens een uitgebreid onderzoekvan de Oxford-prof Jennifer Chung luidt de
algemene kritiek bij leraars, directies, onderwijskundigen: Along with one of the great strengths of
Finnish education, the excellent support for weak students, comes its great
faults, the lack of support for the academically talented.In this situation, one can observe a
limitation of egalitarian values.The
interviewees also consistently mention the students lack of enjoyment in
school. De heterogeniteit in veel
klassen binnen de gemeenschappelijke lagere cyclus is volgens de praktijkmensen
al te groot en dat leidt tot een aanzienlijke nivellering. Zie bijdrage hier
over in vorige blog).
Fred Dervin
verwijst vervolgens naar het optreden van de Finse propagandist Pasi Sahlberg. PrenonslexempleintéressantdePasiSahlberg.Cechercheur,directeurduCentrepour la Mobilité Internationale (CIMO) à Helsinki, a publié en 2011 un
ouvrage intitulé Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational
Change in Finland? Depuis la publication du livre, Sahlberg fait le tour du
monde pour promouvoir léducation finlandaise (mais aussi son livre) . La
plupart de ses interventions sont disponibles en ligne. Ce qui surprend en les
écoutant, cest lemanque de
positionnements critiques du chercheur par rapport à ce qui se passe en Finlande
maisaussidesesinterlocuteurs.LaseulecritiquequejaipunotéeestapparuelorsdesdiscussionsàlafindudiscoursdeSahlbergauStanfordCentreforOpportunityPolicyin Educationenmars2012,àlinvitationdeLindaDarling-Hammond Professor of Education à la
Stanford University).Lors des questions, un collègue de Darling-Hammond accuse
Sahlberg dembellir sadescriptiondeléducationfinlandaise: « Youdontincludethatyouhavethemostexpensiveearly childhood
education, you dont include that they start at 2 years old ». Il continue : «
Your PISAscoreswentdownbetween2003and2009 inliteracy. Why ? »(faisant référenceaux différences marquées entre les garçons et
les filles mais aussi aux classes sociales) avant de conclure: « if you dont include that stuff, if you
dont include the social welfare, you really nottelling the whole story ». Darling-Hammond
semblait clairement irritée par ces remarques : « I was just askingifyouhadaquestion »,(linterrompant)« Ido
wanttogetotherfolksin ». Sahlberg na pas vraiment répondu à ces attaques
Je me souviens très bien de quand on ma posé des questions
sur le « miracle » de léducationfinlandaise pour la première fois. Cétait en 2007 lorsque la Finlande
était lhôte de lEurovision,après la
victoire très remarquée du groupe de hard rock Lordi qui ressemblait à une
tribu de monstres. Un journaliste dune grande radio française était venu
couvrir lévénement et souhaitaitme
rencontrer pour discuter de léducation finlandaise. Il avait entendu parler du
« miracle » et il voulait en savoir plus. Un peu comme un lance balles de
tennis, il ma mitraillé de questions : « Commentvous expliquezPISA ?Pourquoilesélèvesfinlandaissont-ilssi autonomes ? Pourquoi sont-ils tous si
bons ? Cest le fait quil ny a pas de classes sociales ? Il ny a pas décole
privée, cest bien ça ? Et les profs, ils sont excellents, nest-ce pas ? ».
Pour être honnête, je ne savais pas quoi répondre et je retournais souvent la
question à l‟envoyeur :que voulez-vous dire par autonomie ? Pourquoi
pensez-vous quil ny a pas de classes sociales ? Quest-ce un prof excellent ?
A lépoque on ne connaissait presque rien de ce pays on savait à peinequelacompagniedetéléphonesportablesactuellement « agonisante »,Nokia,était finlandaise.Depuisquejetravailledansundépartementdeformationdesenseignantsà Helsinki,cesquestionssemblentvenirdetouslescôtés.Presquechaquejour,jereçoisun message dun journaliste, dun chercheur,
ou dun doctorant étranger : ils veulent tous savoir ce qui se cache derrière
ce « miracle ». Au Canada, il y a quelques mois, une collègue, fascinée par le
cas finlandais, était ravie de me rencontrer pour parler du système éducatif
finlandais. Quand jeluiaiditquilnestpassiparfaitqueça(caraucunsystèmenestimpeccable),ellemerépondit
: « ça, ça ne mintéresse pas, je veux seulement le positif, je veux continuer
à rêver ». (NvdR:ook wij legden Sahlberg via twitter en andere reacties op het
Internet al een aantal kritische vragen voor. Maar telkens ontwijkt Sahlberg
het antwoord.)
Rêver,cesteffectivementcequeléducationfinlandaisesemblefaire.Mais,commetout « produit », il a des défauts, souvent
mis à lécart par les « marchands » de mythes, finlandais comme étrangers.
Ainsi, il y a quelques jours jassistais à la grande conférence de lEuropean
ConferenceonEducationalResearch àCadizenEspagne (3000inscrits).De nombreuxcollègues finlandais
y participaient aussi. Jai pu écouter un certain nombre de leurs
interventionset à chaque fois, je suis
intervenu pour tenter de « re-balancer » un peu limage positive (tropparfois)quecertainsétaiententraindecréeràpartirderecherchesquime
semblaient essentiellementquantitatives(jenairiencontre lequantitatif) etparfoisbancalesauniveauméthodologique(manquedecritiquesetderéflexivitédelapartdeceschercheurs).A une collègue qui présentait un papier sur
le « bonheur » (happiness) des collégiens finlandais, je lui demandais, à la
fin de sa présentation un peu trop « féerique », dabord comment elle
définissait le bonheur (aucune réponse) et ensuite comment interpréter par
exemple les fusillades dans les écoles qui avaient eu lieu ces dernières années
en Finlande, les problèmes dalcool et de drogueouencore le faitqueleministredeléducationavaitrécemment appeléàsebattrecontre lintimidation (bullying en anglais, kiusaminen en finnois) dans
les écoles. Sa réponse ?On ne peut pas
généraliser Venue « vendre » léducation finlandaise, je la gênais, cétait
clair (NvdR: volgens PISA-2012 voelen de Finse 15-jarigen zich allerminst
gelukkig op school.)
Cestenfaitdepuis2008quecetaspectmarketingdeléducationfinlandaiseestapparu.Le Ministredesaffairesétrangèresdelépoque,AlexanderStubb,avaitlui-mêmeofficialiséce « pouvoir de la
marque finlandaise » (branding) en mettant en place un comité de réflexion et
de proposition. Dans le cadre des travaux de ce groupe, qui se donnait pour
objectif de réfléchir à commentlaFinlandepourrarésoudreles « problèmes lesplus diaboliques dumondeentier » (theworld‟smostwickedproblems enanglais) àtraverstroismotsclés: lafonctionnalité (design),
la nature et léducation. Ainsi, dès la troisième page du document Mission For
Finland(2010) , léducation finlandaise
est présentée comme un des aspects importants: « Right now, the state of the
world seems in many ways impossible. We are facing global-level challenges: the
worldmustfindasustainableway of life, ways to reduce povertyand ways toproduce fewer disposable solutions. [ ] Finland is simply duty-bound to
demonstrate that we are able to solve such problems. Finland offers the world
functionality and sustainable solutions in the form of both productsandservicesaswellasafunctionalsociety.Finland offers the
worldits ability to negotiate so that
the world can be a better place to live. Finland offers the world clean water
and food and related expertise. Finland offers the world better education and
teachers ».
Depuis 2008, dans les milieux académiques travaillant en
éducation, lexpression « exportation de
léducation » (koulutusvienti en finnois) sest répandue et les programmes se multiplient pour vendreléducation finlandaise. Actuellement,diversesinstitutions« exportent »des formations, desenseignants,desformateurs denseignantsetmême desécoles. Lesacheteurssontnombreux maisil sembleraitque les plusgrosclientssoientlArabie Saoudite, la
Chineet lesEmirats. Pour les universités finlandaises, «
autonomes » depuis trois ans (cest-à-dire quellesdoivent subvenir à leurs besoins plus ou
moins toutes seules, avec de moins en moins de soutien desministères),lexportationdeléducationfinlandaisereprésenteuneaubaine,unevanne financière peunégligeable.Ainsi,dansmondépartement, nousrecevons régulièrementdes collèguesétrangersàquinousprésentonsle« miraclefinlandais ». Cesvisitesne sontpas gratuitesetsicesvisiteurssouhaitentvisiter parexemple lOfficeNational delEducation (Opetushallitus), ils doivent sacquitter dune somme de
mille euros pour deux heures pour vingt personnes (communication e-mail avec
une représentante de lOffice).
2Et les critiques ?
Ayant luetécoutélaplupart desdocumentssurléducationfinlandaisedesdeuxdernières années,jaimeraisprésenterdefaçonsélectivequelquesmythesquejaipuidentifierencomparant ce qui se discute au quotidien dans
les médias finlandais.
Les élèves finlandais
sont bons. Faux : pas tous. Reinikainen (2011, p.12-13) note une grande
différence entre les sexes (en 2009 pour PISA les filles avaient largement
lavantage ; différence laplusmarquéedetouslespaysmembresdelOCDE).Unautrephénomènetrèspeumentionné ou commenté dans les écrits internationaux, est celui des résultats
discordants entre la minorité suédophone et la majorité finnophone (le pays a
les deux langues comme langues officielles pour des raisons historiques ;
minorité suédophone : 5%). Selon PISA 2009, les élèves suédophonesontdemoinsbonsrésultats,surtoutpourlalitéracie.Comparésaux élèves finnophones, les suédophones ont les
résultats suivants au total : 511 vs. 538 en litéracie, 527 vs. 541enmathématiqueset528vs.556en culturesscientifiques(Sulkunen&al.,2010). DaprèsHeidiHarju-Luukkainen, cettedifférencesexplique par lapénuriedenseignants enéducation spécialisée dans les écoles
suédophones du pays, voire une formation de moins bon niveau (journal national
suédophone, Hufvudstatsbladet, 27 janvier 2012).
Touslesélèvesontlamêmeégalitédeschances.Faux : onleditpeumaislesenseignants finlandaissontrecrutéslocalementlorsdunentretien.Lescritèresdesélectionsontpeutransparents, même si lon
sait que les résultats au master comptent pour beaucoup (la mention).
Cettesélectionsignifie théoriquementquelesmeilleursenseignantssontrecrutésparles
meilleursétablissements,quisetrouventconcentrésdanslesuddupays. Unautreélément important,souventtûaussi,estquechaqueannéeles journauxpublientlalistedes meilleurs collègesetlycéesdupays.Daprèsunrécentarticle,lesécartsentrelesétablissementssecreusentenFinlande,cequimènecertainsparentsàbiensélectionnerlesécolesdeleurs enfants (surtout si celles-ci ont une population immigrée
importante) (Taloussanomat, 12 juillet 2012). Limmigration augmente depuis une vingtaine dannées et en même temps
les inégalités. Ainsi,en 2010, les enfants dimmigrés ont trois
fois plus de risque de quitter le système éducatif à la fin des études de base.
Ainsi pour le lycée de Vuosaari à lest dHelsinki (classé numéro 146 sur la
liste des 182 lycées qui envoient des élèves à luniversité, quartier souvent
décrit comme étant« immigré »),
seulement 7,5% des élèves entrent à luniversité (Yle News, 4 mai 2012).
Ilnyapasdécoles privéesenFinlande.Faux:lepayscomptequatre-vingtsétablissements privés,dontunevingtainesetrouveàHelsinki. Ces écoles
recevraient en moyenne plus de financements de la part de lEtat (ibid.).
Lesélèvesfinlandaissont« heureux ».Faux :enmars2012, unétudiantatirésur unautre étudiant dans une
école à Orivesi (troisième événement violent dans une école en trois mois). En
conséquence, la ministre de lintérieur appelle à revoir les consignes de
sécurité dans les écoles(Yle News,30 mars 2012).Rappelons quilyadegravesantécédents :novembre2007,cinq élèves, le principal de lécole et linfirmière sont tués à Jokela
; septembre 2008, dix personnes sont massacrées dans une école à Kauhajoki.
(NvdR: volgens PISA-2012 stelden de meeste Finse 15-jarigen dat ze zich niet
gelukkig voelden op school. Het welbevinden bij de Vlaamse leerlingen was
opvallend hoger.)
Les résultats de PISA sont liés à lexcellente formation des
enseignants. Pas sûr : lenseignement delalanguematernelle par
exempleestprisau sérieuxdans lepays nordiqueetest certainement de bon
niveau. Toutefois, pour expliquer les résultats, on devrait prendre en compte
la langue 1 des élèves (morphologie, syntaxe et prononciation, entre autres)
qui sont testés mais aussi des éléments contextuels importants comme le fait
que tous les programmes à la télévision ou au cinéma sont sous-titrés en
Finlande (à linverse de la plupart des pays européens où londouble par exemple). Le finnois a une
orthographe régulière et un son correspond à une lettre, ce quipermettraitpeut-êtredapprendreàlireplusfacilement.Dansdautreslanguescommelanglais ou le français, un ensemble de phonèmes peut se prononcer très
différemment de leurs transcriptions(enanglais par exempleLeicestershirequiseprononceˈlestəʃə(r)).IlfaudraitcroiseretexaminercesaspectslinguistiquesetcontextuelsaveclesrésultatsdePISApar exemple pour pouvoir répondre à ce point.
Onderwijs : Finse gemeenschappelijke lagere cyclus = enorme nivellering. Advies voor minister Crevits.
Finse leerkrachten
maken zich grote zorgen over nivellerende gemeenschappelijke lagere cyclus
Oxford- Prof. Jennifer Chung publiceerde een uitgebreide
studie over het Fins onderwijs waarin vooral via diepte-interviews gepolst
wordt naar de mening van de leerkrachten, directies,beleidsmakers ( AN INVESTIGATION OF REASONS FOR FINLANDS
SUCCESS IN PISA (University of Oxford 2008).
Het valt op dat de geïnterviewde leraars zich alle grote
zorgen maken over het nivellerend karakter van de gemeenschappelijke lagere
cyclus die de betere leerlingen geen faire kansen en veel te weinig uitdaging
biedt. We citeren even een aantal getuigenissen.
"Many of the teachers mentioned the converse of the great
strength of Finnish education (= de grote aandacht voor kinderen met
leerproblemen) as the great weakness.Jukka S. (BM) believes that school does not provide enough challenges
for intelligent students: I think my
only concern is that we give lots of support to those pupils who are underachievers,
and we dont give that much to the brightest pupils.I find it a problem, since I think, for the future of a whole nation, those pupils who are
really the stars should be supported, given some more challenges, given some
more difficulty in their exercises and so on.To not just spend their time here
but to make some effort and have the idea to become something, no matter what
field you are choosing, you must not only be talented like they are, but work
hard.That is needed.
Pia (EL)feels that
the schools do not motivate very intelligent students to work.She thinks the schools should provide more challenges for the academically
talented students.In fact, she
thinks the current school system in Finland does not provide well for its
students.Mixed-ability classrooms, she
feels, are worse than the previous selective system: I think this school is for nobody.That is my private opinion. Actually I think so, because when you have
all these people at mixed levels in your class, then you have to concentrate on
the ones who need the most help, of course.Those who are really good, they get lazy.
Pia believes these students become bored and lazy, and float
through school with no study skills.Jonny (EM) describes how comprehensive education places the academically
gifted at a disadvantage: We have lost a great possibility when we dont have
the segregated levels of math and natural sciences That should be once again
taken back and started with.The good
talents are now torturing themselves with not very interesting education and teaching in classes that arent for their
best.
Pia (EL) finds the PISA frenzy about Finland amusing, since
she believes the schools have declined in recent years: I think [the
attention] is quite funny because school isnt as good as it used to be I used
to be proud of being a teacher and proud of this school, but I cant say I m
proud any more.
Aino (BS) states that the evenness and equality of the education
system has a dark side. Teaching to the middle student in a class of
heterogeneous ability bores the gifted students, who commonly do not perform
well in school.Maarit (DMS) finds
teaching heterogeneous classrooms very difficult.She admits that dividing the students into ability
levels would make the teaching easier, but worries that it may affect the self-esteem
of the weaker worse than a more egalitarian system Similarly, Terttu (FMS) thinks that the
class size is a detriment to the students learning.Even though Finnish schools have relatively
small class sizes, she thinks that a group of twenty is too large, since she
does not have time for all of the students: You dont have enough time for everyone
All children have to be in the same class.That is not so nice.You have the
better pupils.I cant give them as much
as I want.You have to go so slowly in
the classroom.Curiously, Jukka E.
(DL) thinks that the special education students need more support and the
education system needs to improve in that area.
Miikka (FL) describes how he will give extra work to
students who want to have more academic challenges, but admits that they can
get quite good grades, excellent grades, by doing nothing actually, or very
little.Miikka (FL) describes
discussion in educational circles about creating schools and universities for academically
talented students: 3 Everyone has the same chances One problem is that it can
be too easy for talented students.There has been now discussion in Finland if
there should be schools and universities for talented students I think it will
happen, but I dont know if it is good, but it will happen, I think so.I am also afraid there will be private
schools again in Finland in the future [There] will be more rich people and
more poor people, and then will come so [many] problems in comprehensive
schools that some day quite soon
parents will demand that we should have private schools again, and that is quite sad.
Linda (AL), however, feels the love of reading has declined
in the younger generation, as they tend to gravitate more to video games and
television.Miikka (FL), also a teacher
of mother tongue, also cites a decline in reading interest and an increase of
video game and computer play.Saij a
(BL) agrees. As a teacher of Finnish, she feels that she has difficulty motivating
her students to learn: I think my subject is not the easiest one to teach.They dont read so much, newspapers or
novels.Her students, especially the
boys, do not like their assignments in Finnish language.She also thinks the respect for teachers has
declined in this past generation.Miikka
(FL) also thinks his students do not respect their teachers: They dont
respect the teachers.They respect them
very little I think it has changed a
lot in recent years.In Helsinki, it was
actually earlier.When I came here six
years ago, I thought this was
heaven.I thought it was incredible,
how the children were like that after
Helsinki, but now I think it is the same.
Linda (AL) notes deficiency in the amount of time available
for subjects.With more time, she would
implement more creative activities, such as speech and drama, into her
lessons.Saij a (BL) also thinks that
her students need more arts subjects like drama and art.She worries that they consider mathematics as
the only important subject.Shefeels
countries such as Sweden, Norway, and England have better arts programs than in
Finnish schools.Arts subjects,
according to Saij a, help the students get to know themselves.Maarit (DMS), a Finnish-speaker, thinks that
schools need to spend more time cultivating social skills.
Onderwijs. Meer gestructureerde en klassieke aanpak kan rekenproblemen voorkomen
Meer gestructureerde
en klassieke aanpak van hetrekenen kan volgens een recente AERA-studie
rekenproblemen voorkomen (zie bijlage).
In het boek 'Rekenen
tot 100' (Raf Feys, Wolters-Plantyn, Mechelen) beschreven we uitvoerig zo'n
aanpak. We namen er ook - en volgens de recente AERA-studie terecht - afstand van de constructivistische
en context-gebonden aanpak van het Nederlandse Freudenthal-Instituut. Vanaf de
jaren zeventig bestreden we de te
abstracte en hemelse Moderne Wiskunde (New Math) en met succes. Zie b.v. Moderne
wiskunde: een vlag op een Modderschuit, Onderwijskrant nr. 24, april 1882. Bij het verdwijnen van de Moderne Wiskunde
dreigde die extreme benadering vervangen te worden door het andere extreem: de aardse,
contextgebonden en constructivistische wiskunde à la Freudenthal-Instituut.
Volgens de AERA-studie gebruiken Amerikaanse leerkrachten
veelal een ineffectieve methodiek in de richting van de constructivistische -
en child-centred-aanpak. In Vlaanderen deden we de voorbije decennia
ons best om dergelijke aanpakken te bestrijden. Net als voor het leren lezen en
spellen werkten we voor wiskunde aanpakken uit waarmee we ook zwakkere
leerlingen vlot kunnen leren rekenen.
We stelden de voorbije decennia ook vast dat aanpakken die
rendeerden voor zwakkere leerlingen, ook rendeerden voor sterkere leerlingen.
Met onze Directe SysteemMethodiek (DSM) voor het leren lezen (Beter leren lezen,
Acco-2010), leren o.i. niet enkel de zwakkere leerlingen, maar ook de sterkere
vlotter lezen. Samen met collega Pieter Van Biervliet werkten we ook aan
effectieve aanpakken voor het spelling-onderwijs en aan een meer
gestructureerde aanpak met afzonderlijke spellingpakketten.
Bijlage: AERA Study: Teachers More Likely to Use Ineffective
Instruction When Teaching Students with
Mathematics Difficulties
WASHINGTON, D.C., June 26, 2014 ─ First-grade teachers in
the United States may need to change their instructional practices if they are
to raise the mathematics achievement of students with mathematics difficulties
(MD), according to new research published online today in Educational
Evaluation and Policy Analysis, a peer-reviewed journal of the American
Educational Research Association.
VIDEO: Co-author Paul L. Morgan discusses key findings.
Which Instructional Practices Most Help First-Grade
Students with and without Mathematics Difficulties? by Paul L. Morgan of
Pennsylvania State University, George Farkas of the University of California,
Irvine, and Steve Maczuga of Pennsylvania State University, examined nationally
representative groups of first-grade students with and without MD to determine
the relationship between the instructional practices used by teachers and the
mathematics achievement of their students.
The study, funded by the U.S. Department of Education and
the National Institutes of Health, found that first-grade teachers in
classrooms with higher percentages of students with MD were more likely to be
using ineffective instructional practices with these students.
When first-grade classes had larger percentages of students
with MD, their teachers were more often using non-traditional instructional
practices, in which students use manipulatives, calculators, movement, and
music to learn mathematics. The researchers found these types of practices were
not associated with achievement gains. These practices were ineffective for
both MD and non-MD students.
Instead, the researchers found that only use by first-grade
teachers of more traditional, teacher-directed instruction in which teachers
used textbooks, worksheets, chalkboards, and routine practice to instruct
students in mathematics facts, skills, and concepts was associated with
achievement gains for students with MD.
According to study findings, the most effective
instructional practice that first-grade teachers could use for students with MD
was to provide them with routine practice and drill opportunities to learn
mathematics. The findings held true for first-grade students who had shown
either persistent or transitory MD in kindergarten. Results were extensively
controlled for students prior mathematics and reading achievement, family
income, and other factors.
Use by first-grade teachers of non-teacher-directed
instruction is surprising and troubling, given our findings and what prior
research has shown about the instructional needs of students with MD, said
lead study author Paul L. Morgan. It suggests that first-grade teachers are
mismatching their instruction to the learning needs of students with MD.
Our findings suggest that students with MD are more likely
to benefit from more traditional, explicit instructional practices, Morgan
said, This is particularly the case for students who are more likely to
persistently struggle to learn mathematics.
Effectively instructing students with MD at an early age
matters immensely to their future academic achievement and opportunities in
life, said Morgan. We know that students who continue struggling to learn
mathematics in the primary grades are highly likely to continue to struggle
throughout elementary school. Others have reported that students who
subsequently complete high school with relatively low mathematics achievement
are more likely to be unemployed or paid lower wages, even if they have
relatively higher reading skills.
For students without a history of MD, teacher-directed
instruction is also associated with achievement gains. However, unlike their
schoolmates with MD, the mathematics achievement for these students is also
associated with some, but not all, types of student-centered instruction, which
focuses on giving students opportunities to be actively involved in generating
mathematical knowledge. Student-centered activities associated with achievement
gains by first graders without MD include working on problems with several
solutions, peer tutoring, and activities involving real-life math. Students
without MD benefited about equally well from either more traditional
teacher-directed instruction or less traditional student-centered instruction.
While previous research has identified instructional
practices that can be used by elementary school teachers to increase reading
achievement for those with and without reading difficulties, very few empirical
studies have tried to identify instructional practices being used by teachers
that are effective in increasing the mathematics achievement of their students
with and without MD.
For their study, the researchers analyzed survey responses
from 3,635 teachers and data from a subsample of 13,393 children in the Early
Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 199899, a nationally
representative dataset maintained by the U.S. Department of Educations
National Center for Education Statistics.
About the Authors
Paul L. Morgan is an associate professor of education at
the Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park College of Education, and the
director of the Educational Risk Initiative.
George Farkas is a professor at the University of
CaliforniaIrvine School of Education.
Steve Maczuga is a research programmer/analyst at the
Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park Population Research Institute.
About AERA
The American Educational Research Association (AERA) is the
largest national professional organization devoted to the scientific study of
education. Founded in 1916, AERA advances knowledge about education, encourages
scholarly inquiry related to education, and promotes the use of research to improve
education and serve the public good. Find AERA on Facebook and Twitter.
by Marcus Harmes, Henk Huijser
and Patrick Alan Danaher (Palgrave,2014).
Voorstelling boek door prof. Fred
Dervin
At bottom, the intellectual, in
my sense of the word, is neither a pacifier nor a consensus-builder, but
someone whose whole being is staked on a criticalsense, a sense of being unwilling to accept
easy formulas, or ready-madeclichés, or
the smooth, ever-so-accommodation confirmations of what thepowerful or conventional have to say, and
what they do.Edward Said ( 1996: 23)
The idea of myths, but also of
acolytes such as imaginaries and even hoaxes, has been centralinmywork(Auger,Dervin&Suomela-Salmi,2009;Dervin,2012). Many myths from
the field of education are reflected in the titles of my books and articles:
the myth of the native speaker, myths around the notion of the intercultural,
myths about study abroad and myths about Finnish education, among others.
Whattheeditors andtheauthorsproposecorrespondstowhat Iwouldliketocall Mythologies of Education ,inreferencetoabookbyRolandBarthes,publishedin 1957. In this collection of essays Barthes examines myths of
bourgeois culture and dissectstheirfunctioningineverydaypractices.Barthes(ibid.)showshow myths naturalize certain norms and prevent
people from being reflective about them. In other words myths can easily become
ideologies. Some of his analyses resonate with many argumentsmadebythevolumeauthors:ForBarthes(ibid.)certainmyths remove history thus giving the impression that
something simply exists and does not need to be questioned; myths allow the
mere statement of fact to emerge and thus a certain idea of unquestionable
Truth. Based on these two examples, one can easily see how dangerous myths can
be for education.
NowletusexaminehowtheMythologiesofEducationare enactedinthevolume. Theeditors,MarcusK.Harmes,HenkHuijserandPatrickAlanDanaher,justify rightly the need for such a volume by explaining that Given this diversity of myths concerningcontemporaryeducation,it istimelytointerrogate aselectionofthem, withaviewto elucidatingtheiroriginsandcomposition,theireffectsand implications,andappropriatewaysofengagingwiththem.Somechapters deconstruct, challenge but also and
that is very important propose alternative ways of thinking, doing and
researching. Interestingly some chapters consider myths to be verypowerfulandproductive,especiallyindidacticalterms.Thisis, Ibelieve, another stimulating vista for future research.
The list of topics (read myths)
covered in the volume corresponds to a very up-to-date carnivalofmyths.Thevolumeopenswithmythsaboutteachingandlearning: Learner-centrednessvs.Teacher;
Intrinsicandextrinsic motivation; Curriculum on paper vs. the observed teaching practice and implementation
of staff.Thereader willnodoubtrecognizetheseold butstill topical myths, which need to be revisited again and again.
I found the second part of the
volume to be so exciting that I could not put the volume down. It deals with
the much-hyped context of digital and
online education. In all the countries I have visited recently everyone
seems obsessed with jumping on the digital bandwagon.Inmyowndepartmentforexamplewehavebeenurgedtocreate Massive Open Online
Courses (MOOCs). I remember asking the person who made thissuggestionwhatMOOCswerehehadnoideabutsaidAmericansare producing many !
The authors of this section cover
the following myths in relation to digital and online education: The rhetoric
that surrounds digital literacy); Social, organisational, instructional andtechnologicalmythsMythsaboutonlineeducation.
Two sub-myths that appear in
many chapters are, in my opinion, essential. The first myth concerns the idea of Digital natives (as opposed to
Digital migrants). I was born in1974andownedmyfirstcomputerattheendofthe1980s .. Does this make me an immigrant when I have owned a computer
nearly my whole life? Using such labels in research and practice can give the
impression of newness and innovation (yet another mythical term). As such the
Academy of Finland is currently sponsoring a project under the label Newvisions
of learning and teaching which centres on Digital Natives. When one reads thedescriptionoftheproject,thetermisnotquestioned butbasicallyacceptedas true:(theresearchers) arecurrentlystudyingthedevelopmentofthemindand
brain of a generation they call digital natives. These are the young people
who were bornandwhohavegrownupsurroundedbynewtechnologyandcommunications.
(The research leader) says that a
gap is now opening up between earlier generations and the children and young
people of the digital age. If we go back to Said (ibid.), is this the work of
someone whose whole being is staked on a critical sense, a sense of being
unwilling to accept easy formulas, or ready-made clichés, or the smooth, ever- so-accommodation
confirmations of what the powerful or conventional have to say, andwhattheydo?Anotherimportantsub-myththatappears inthe chapter repetitivelyrelatestotheideathattheinternet isapanaceaforthe issuesof increasing costs of higher education and increasing demand by
students for authentic andinteractivelearningopportunities .
The authors also suggest many
ways out of myths in education. Barbara A. H. Harmes confirmsmypreviouscommentonMythologieswhensheassertsIt isonlyby understanding these myths
and by interrogating the research relating to them that positive action can
be taken to address them. In a similar vein, Adriana Ornellas and Juana Sancho
explain Deconstructing mythical thinking, in this case about the use of digitalICTineducation,seemsfundamentaltopromotecritical thinking,construct sound knowledgeandpreventignorance-basedmistakes.ForFedericoBorgesand Anna Forés myths as
pockets of belief or understanding (that) require clarification, or revision.
The two scholars also propose a model for analysing myths whichisintriguinganddeservesexploring.Theyproposetocategorizemythsinto out-datedmyths,over-optimisticmyths,drawbackmyths,andconfronted myths(where therearetwosidestothesamemyth,an overstatementandan understatement). These are just examples of
ways of examining myths, all the other chapters represent a minefield which
will no doubt lead to more research on myths in education.
To conclude I would like to
insist on the fact that research and practice need to be more politicalandlesspoliticallycorrecttoday.Deconstructingmythsthusattackingtruthsand beliefs canbepainfulforboththelistenerandtheutterer. However this is
more and more necessary. Research on education is full of myths that still
require our attention. My next targets arealreadydecided(inorderof irritation):overrelianceonBourdieu,theideaof social justice, and the concept of
communities of practice. Like this volume, lets now take myths seriously