The idea that there are such things as uniquely 21st century skills is picked apart beautifully in Daisy Christodoulous book Seven myths about education. One issue with the idea is that the 21st century is going to be so vastly different from the 20th that we need to teach a whole new set of skills whilst at the same time being so similar that we can project what these skills will be.
Often tied up in the idea of 21st century skills is the that of preparing for jobs of the future. This however assumes that;
We can predict what the jobs of the future will want. If we accept the premise that things are moving so quickly the future will look drastically different from the past it seems unlikely that we can teach the specific skills these future employees will need.
Jobs of the future will want something different to jobs in the past. A lot of time and energy has been spent looking at future trends in employment. This article in The Guardian suggests that the jobs that are most secure from future automation are those require human relationships combined with a great deal of very specific knowledge. Not a lot of generic soft skills.
Education is about preparing pupils for work. I dont think that education should be about nothing more than creating future economic units. I think that an excellent education in and of itself should be a right for every child.
21st Century skills include collaborative problem solving and creativity.
The examples of 21st century skills given in the survey were those of collaborative problem solving and creativity. Try as I might I cant picture another century that didnt need people working together to solve problems. In many ways, it is this capacity for working in teams to overcome problems in our environment that makes us human.
Daisy Christodoulou writes,
It is quite patronising to suggest that no one before the year 2000 ever needed to think critically, solve problems, communicate, collaborate, create, innovate
. It is probably true that in the future more and more people will need these skills, and that there will be fewer economic opportunities for people who do not have these skills. But that would suggest to me that we need to make sure that everyone gets the education that was in the past reserved for the elite. That is not redefining education for the twenty-first century; it is giving everyone the chance to get a traditional education.
Christodoulou, D (2014) Seven myths about education.
Schools dont teach these skills but they should
Apparently, schools dont teach creativity, we kill it. One piece of evidence given by the likes of Ken Robinson to support this idea is that young children, before they enter the dream-crushing factory of schools, are able to come up with hundreds of ideas for how to use a simple paperclip. Adults, who have passed through the school system however, come up with far fewer.
I would argue that what is happening here isnt the crushing of creativity but the addition of knowledge. As people get more knowledgeable they are better able to evaluate their ideas and sift out the ones that wont work. Looking at the quantity of ideas for the use of a paperclip tells you nothing about creativity but the quality of the ideas might.
If we want pupils to be good at problem solving we need to give them a lot of knowledge with which to solve problems. There is no generic problem solving short cut we can use. The problem solving skills of I need to put up a bookcase but have lost the instructions is very different from the problem solving skills of We need to resolve the conflict in the Middle East. I we spent less time trying to find these short cuts we might have a lot fewer wonky bookcases and a little more chance of peace.
I cant speak for all subjects and contexts but in secondary school geography we are constantly problem solving. It is what Geographers do but each problem needs a wide body of very specific knowledge. We look at how they would solve the problem of the UKs energy mix, how they would improve housing in informal settlements and yes, even how to solve the problems in the Middle East (if someone without a knowledge of catchment hydrology tries to pontificate on the issue I wouldnt give them the time of day).
The same applies to creativity. The ability to create is an important and wonderful thing. Music, art and drama should play a full and important part in the curriculum but they arent about teaching something as generic as creativity. They are about teaching the skills to allow you to be creative in that particular domain. Learning to express your creativity in art is unlikely to help you pick up the trombone and learning how to write is unlikely to make your interpretive dance any less awkward.
If you think that these things can be taught as stand alone generic skills (I assume you there is a 54% chance you are) then please do send me a lesson plan because I would love to see how it is done.
Conclusion
I think the term 21st century skills is a nonsense. The generic skills that people will need in this century will be the same as they have needed in all of them because they are the things that make us human. I dont think they can be taught in isolation. I dont think we get better at problem solving by solving problems in different domains or better at creativity in one domain by practicing another.
Schools play a role in preparing children for the future and that role is to ensure they leave us as knowledgeable and well informed adults.
