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Dokteronline
biedt een service tussen arts, apotheek en u als klant. Na goedkeuring
schrijft één van de onafhankelijk aangesloten artsen een recept voor
uw medicijn of geneesmiddel, dat vervolgens door een Europese online
apotheek wordt uitgeleverd en via de post bij u thuis wordt bezorgd.
Dokteronline
offers an intermediary service of a doctor and pharmacy in one, also
called an internet pharmacy or online pharmacy. You can request a
medical consultation for a certain treatment, if this request is granted
by the doctor then a prescription is issued, which will be sent to you
by a European online pharmacy, in a discreet package. So at Dokter
online you can order your medicine online, so that you will receive your
medication conveniently at home.
Dokteronline
biedt een service tussen arts, apotheek en u als klant. Na goedkeuring
schrijft één van de onafhankelijk aangesloten artsen een recept voor
uw medicijn of geneesmiddel, dat vervolgens door een Europese online
apotheek wordt uitgeleverd en via de post bij u thuis wordt bezorgd.
Dokteronline
offers an intermediary service of a doctor and pharmacy in one, also
called an internet pharmacy or online pharmacy. You can request a
medical consultation for a certain treatment, if this request is granted
by the doctor then a prescription is issued, which will be sent to you
by a European online pharmacy, in a discreet package. So at Dokter
online you can order your medicine online, so that you will receive your
medication conveniently at home.
A+NET Internet Services sells a Tachyon uplink on a monthly basis to customers looking for a temporary, high-speed connection for trade shows or conventions; based in San Diego
abc Newsfeed Scandinavia independent Swedish television news and video production company providing mobile uplinks from Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Norway and Sweden
Agisat SNG services in southern Europe and north Africa
Airia global provider of live airline inflight entertainment
Airtouch Communications Globalstar service provider for Canada, Caribbean, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, USA
A.I. Smart Systems, S.A. satellite transmission services, play out and uplinking for international news broadcasters, live shots, sports, entertainment as well as corporate events using C band space segment over NSS-806
Alden Electronics provides weather data and information services by satellite to clients in North America
All Computers reseller of satellite Internet access services
All Thuraya Refills @ RefillThuraya Refillthuraya.com allows you to top-up your Thuraya Prepaid Account on-line with an easy and fast procedure, no matter where you initially purchased your SIM card
Aloha Networks SkyDSL network for high-speed two-way Internet, including interactive TV, data broadcasting, data collection, VoIP, Video broadcasting, distance learning, Internet browsing, data IP, and data communications for the VSAT market
Amazônia Banda Larga e Informática Internet access and Internet Networking solutions to enterprise, government, education and small business customers across the entire Amazon region
Applied Satellite Technology satellite phone equipment and service providers for Thuraya, Iridium, Vodafone, Globalstar, Inmarsat, Aces, Emsat, Satellite TV Systems at sea
ARINC aeronautical communications; tracking, monitoring and messaging for cargo and transportation assets using Orbcomm satellites
Arion Communication Inmarsat and Iridium services for maritime and land mobile users; satellite communication terminals plus labour service worldwide
Ariave Satcom provides Broadband IP access to remote locations via VSAT using DVB/SCPC and SCPC/SCPC technology
Armstrong Space Communications provider of SNG, outside broadcast and distance learning services in Ireland, the UK, Poland, the Czech Republic and Italy
ARNAV aeronautical voice and data service provider using the Globalstar system
Arqiva global distribution services and media content management, providing solutions for Playout and Distribution, Occasional Video and Data, Digital Media Networks, Television Facilities, International Connectivity and Outside Broadcasts.; owns international teleports in London, Washington, Los Angeles and Paris, as well as extensive space segment and fibre connectivity to all of the world's major interconnects
Aryan Satellite Co broadband internet access, data and voice communication services across Middle East
AT&T Alascom Alaskan carrier operating some 200 earth stations throughout the state and providing long distance communications services to virtually every Alaskan comunity
Atlas Telecom provider of fixed, marine and mobile VSAT solutions in the Middle East
atrexx - Global Capacity & Facility Exchange Internet and IP via satellite, mobile satellite services, voice communication, corporate networks, wireless access and radio and TV via satellite
BAF Satellite & Technology Corp digital and analogue long-term, short-term and/or occasional Ku and C band satellite space, full or partial transponders or transponders for domestic or international video, voice or data transmission
Balkan Telecommunication satellite broadband internet services; private star/mesh corporate networks; SCPC/TDMA and back-up links for Turkey and Middle East region; IPTV solutions for hospitality
Batavia Downlinks transportable downlink provider in New York State, W Pennsylvania, E Ohio USA.
BBA uplink services for broadcasters in Istanbul and SNG services in Turkey, the Balkans and the Middle East
BCE Inc Canada's largest telecommunications company; majority shareholder of Telesat Canada; subsidiaries include Bell Canada, Northern Telecom, BCE Mobile, Bell Canada International, Tele-Direct
Bilge Uplink Services media news and production company providing international SNG services from a base in Istanbul, Turkey
Bitcentral online marketplace for buyers and sellers of digital broadcasting and satellite communications equipment, wireless bandwidth and technical services
Blue Sky Satellite Communications African fixed and mobile service provider offering 2 way Internet access; Iridium, Inmarsat and Thuraya airtime and terminal reseller
Bluestar Internet provider of 2-way satellite broadband solutions and VOIP services across Spain to home users and corporate clients
BNL provides SOHO, SME and Internet Cafe oriented satellite broadband Internet access services in the Middle East and Eastern Europe
Broadband Wherever UK based supplier of two way satellite broadband, satellite back up and mobile systems
Broadcast International provider of full service satellite and IP satellite services, including network deployment, space segment, uplinks, SNG and production worldwide
Broadcast Israel provider of SNG services from Israel, production services, equipment rental, studios and editing facilities
Broadcast Networks independant satellite service provider, supplying SNG vehicles, broadcast flyaway systems, mobile streaming solutions, temporary and permanent VSAT, and space segment; systems are available for sale and adhoc hire
BroadEdge service enables the delivery of broadcast streaming media content at a low level of latency, allowing live interactive events to be made available via the Internet
Broadsat Italian supplier of broadband Internet access
Broad Sky Networks satellite network aggregator, acting as a single source provider in the deployment of broadband satellite services via multiple providers to ensure the greatest coverage and pricing options in simplified service bundles
BrownstoneIT UK provider of broadband satellite and wireless communications to large companies
BtN Access PCCW VSAT services in Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa
BTV+ interactive distance learning; digital signage; system integration, installation and operations; studio design, management and rental; special events promotion (ad hoc broadcasts); satellite bandwidth
BusinessCom Internet via Satellite carrier-independent satellite broadband solutions; 1-way DVB/IP connectivity; low-cost DVB-RCS and SCPC 2-way VSAT systems
Business Satellite Solutions providing global, iDirect-enabled broadband satellite solutions for Internet access, VPN, VoIP, video conferencing and mobile applications for enterprise clients
Cable and Wireless wide range of satellite services for large corporate clients and governments including VSATs, international private circuits, Internet access and trunking
Cairo News Company (CNC) Egyptian supplier of SNG services, uplinks to Nilesat and Eutelsat, live studios, travelling SNG and crew in the Middle East
Call-Net Pakistan based reseller of satellite services including Starspeeder and Yamal Sat
CapRock Communications supply, installation, commissioning and maintainance of fixed and stabilised C and Ku band VSAT's for oil & gas, energy, mining, government & military and maritime industries
Carrier to Carrier Telecom Netherlands based provider of anchor ground-station facilities for other telco's, Tier 1 Internet Access, International Voice Switching, International and Domestic Backhauls, SCPC/MCPC/Partial- and fully-meshed networks
Casablanca Online supplier of satellite services to the Brazilian broadcast industry including: teleport, DSNGs, flyaway, fixed station, occasional uplink, post remote as well as production services including: editing, post-production, standards conversion, digital compression, streaming, studio, Eng crew, live stand-up position, OB vans
Castor Broadcasting provider of services to broadcasters from its teleports in the Netherlands: audio/video transmission services, uplink services, turn-around services, satellite capacity, occasional use services, internet streaming, simulcasting services, mediahub services
Castor Networks provider of highly reliable mission and business critical communication networks from teleport facilities in the Netherlands
CETel provider of teleport and satellite services, offering the full spectrum of communication solutions, including VSAT networks, provision of satellite capacity, up- and downlink services and fibre connections, operation, service & maintenance of satellite networks, hardware provision, broadband Internet, VoIP via satellite and consulting
Commversat affordable GPS tracking and complete two-way satellite data communications system for aerospace, marine, land-based vehicles, and SCADA applications
Comtech Mobile Datacom Corp provision of satellite-based packet data communication systems and services for the land transportation, remote sensing, utility and aviation markets
ComToNet satellite, wireless and fixed telecommunication, Internet connectivity and access, voice and data connectivity and broadcasting global solutions
Constellation Networks Corporation complete network service provider for transport of voice, data, Internet and video; specializing in global connectivity for SCPC as well as iDirect D-TDMA services; direct access to the public Internet from the satellite as well as redundant fibre to major PoP's for prime carrier access; 24/7 network monitoring, control and support of each circuit
Controlsat business unit of Orbcomm , providing fixed-asset monitoring solutions that enable customers to increase supply chain management effectiveness in the chemical industry and improve well-head maintenance in the oil and gas industry
DeltaSat provides end-to-end secure satellite delivery service for thick content distribution and media casting for corporate networks throughout Europe
DENet Telecom global communications backbone provider
GeoEye operates the OrbView-2 ocean and land multispectral imaging satellite (launched in 1997), the OrbView-3 high-resolution satellite offering one-meter panchromatic and four-meter multispectral digital imagery (launched in 2003) and a worldwide integrated image receiving, processing and distribution network; also the exclusive, worldwide distributor of imagery from Radarsat-2
MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates (MDA) small satellite missions offering turn-key systems for earth observation, surveillance of space, information delivery and space science; leading supplier of commercial satellite payloads, systems and subsystems including antennas, digital, microwave and power equipment for communications and remote sensing satellites
PT Satelit Palapa Indonesia (Satelinido) Indonesian private satellite operator which owns and operates the Palapa C2 satellite which provides voice, radio, data and video services and broadcast TV to the Asia Pacific region
Satelites Mexicanos (SatMex) joint venture between Loral Space & Communications, Principia and the Mexican Federal Government; delivers voice, data and video services, broadcast television, distance learning, government channels and radio; Satmex currently operates three satellites: Solidaridad 1, Solidaridad 2 and Satmex 5
Telesat Canada operates a fleet of satellites that provide broadcast distribution and telecommunications services, and is a highly respected consultant and partner in satellite ventures around the world
Telespazio operator of the Italsat series of communications satellites
MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates (MDA) small satellite missions offering turn-key systems for earth observation, surveillance of space, information delivery and space science; leading supplier of commercial satellite payloads, systems and subsystems including antennas, digital, microwave and power equipment for communications and remote sensing satellites
Matra Marconi Space communications, earth observation and scientific satellites; structures and mechanisms; attitude and orbit control systems; robotics; optical communications; propulsion systems; sterling cycle cryogenic coolers; on board data handling; antennas; optics; sensors; power systems; microwave and millimetre wave components; hardened ASICs; radiometers
Mecanex high performance electro-mechanical components including: slipring brush assemblies for signal and power transmission, micro torque sensors, micro pumps, micro switches, space bioreactors, robotics, pointing positioning and tracking mechanisms
Meda satellite magnetometers for use in attitude control systems
Mega_F Motion Systems develops and markets software intensive programmable DSP based motion control products
MegaPhase ultra-precision flexible coaxial cables for testing satellite systems; space qualified coaxial cable assemblies and adapters for satellite systems
Megsat microsatellite subsystems; high efficiency solar arrays; power subsystems; mechanical devices; actuators; antennas for microsatellites
Merrimac Industries design and manufacture of Multi-Mix PICO RF Microwave components, assemblies and micro-multifunction modules (MMFM)
Metorex International solid state detectors; proportional counters; bolometers; read out electronics; x-ray windows and filters
Metrum Datatape instrumentation recorders and high performace storage devices for spacecraft
Micromega Dynamics active vibration control, high-precision guiding mechanism for optical delay lines
Microsemi Corp space and mil spec semiconductor components
Mier Comunicaciones space qualified SSPAs, receivers, LNAs, downconverters, oscillators, OBP equipment, T/R for active antennas, PCB's and Microwave hybrid modules from VHF to Ka/Ku band; custom MMIC/MHIC design.
Millitech millimetre wave amplifiers, isolators, mixers, antennas, multipliers, switches, subsystems and complete systems
Minco designs, manufactures, and markets Thermofoil™ heaters, flex circuits, sensors, instruments and integrated components for defense, aerospace and other critical applications
Motorola Satellite Communications Group developer and manufacturer of space and ground communications equipment and systems; prime contractor for the Iridium system
Oerlikon Space payload fairings for Ariane 5 and Vega launchers; ultra-lightweight, high-stability structures, precision mechanisms, and innovative products such as laser terminals for optical communication between satellites
OHB-System microgravity systems and experiment facilities; subsystems and components for manned and unmanned space systems; re-entry, aerodynamics, aerothermodynamics; small satellites for science, telecommunications and earth observation; sensors for environment observation; on board data handling and processing systems; on board software; power conditioning and distribution electronics; spacecraft harnesses
Opteon Oy computer controlled polishing of aspheric optics; polishing of lightweight silicon carbide mirrors; wavefront sensor systems for active optics; optical testing facilities
Patria Finavitec power distribution units, thermal control power electronics, computers, interfacing and processing electronics for payloads, measurement instruments; lightweight composite structures
Peregrine Semiconductor Corp designs, manufactures, and markets high-speed communications integrated circuits for the broadband fiber, wireless and satellite communications markets
Polymer Systems Technology atomic oxygen coatings; dampening fluids; debris retention coatings; electrically conductive silicone; encapsulants; fsat cure RTV adhesives; foams; grease; gels for potting; low density adhesives; optically clear silicone; pressure sensitive adhesives; thermally conductive silicone; thixotropic sealants; thixotropic adhesives
Precision Devices manufacturer of space grade TCXOs, VCXOs and clock oscillators
Pressure Systems Inc pressurant and propellant tanks for spacecraft and launch vehicles
Programmable Division, Xantrex Technology Inc manufacturer of satellite power simulation equipment - solar array simulators, battery string simulators, payload power simulators, and thermal vacuum heater power and control systems
Prototech compact, low weight, tailor made equipment housings and components for satellites and launchers; experimental modules for manned and unmanned flights; payloads and major structural componenet for sounding rockets
Saab Ericsson Space robust fault tolerant computers; modular data systems; flight software; radiation hardened microprocessor; microwave electronics (receivers, frequency converters, modulators, frequency generators); antennas (high precision reflector antennas, array elements, omnidirectional antennas, SAR antennas)
SpaceDev design, manufacture, marketing and operation of sophisticated micro and nano satellites, hybrid rocket-based orbital Maneuvering and orbital Transfer Vehicles (MTVs) as well as safe sub-orbital and orbital hybrid rocket-based propulsion systems; commercial hybrid rocket motors and small high performance space vehicles and subsystems
Space Innovations Ltd (SIL) design and manufacture of satellite subsystems and small satellites with payloads in the range 50 to 300 kg
SpaceQuest components for micro and nano satellites
Spectrolabs manufacturer of space qualified solar cells and panels
Spectrum Astro and Spectrum Astro small spacecraft buses, space electronics and power management systems, electrical ground support and ground control equipment
Stork Product Engineering ignition systems and thrusters, mechanisms and structures, power management systems, environmental control and life support
Stork Veco high tech metal precision parts with very high tolerances, including battery plates for space power supplies and evaporation masks for solar cells
Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) system integrator and supplier of small and micro-satellites; develops attitude orbit & control systems, onboard data handling units, software, propulsion systems and ground systems for testing and mission control; extensive operational experience
Swiss Space Technology design of space bound microprocessor systems and radiation hardened FPGA technology; electronics system design for space and scientific space mission analysis
Teledyne Coax space-qualified discrete coaxial switches and switch matrices
Terma electrical power management systems; attitude control electronics; small satellites; star trackers; magnetometers; on board software; satellite structures
Tesat-Spacecom GmbH design of telecommunications satellite systems and subsystems; planning, development and production of satellite subsystems and telecommunications equipment for communications satellites and earth observation satellites; EEE parts procurement agency; printed circuit boards and electroplating
TNO Space attitude sensors; precision engineering and space mechanisms; manned space and human factors (biomedical instrumentation, man-machine interfaces)
Toikka Oy development and manufacturing of microwave systems and radiometers
TransOrbital first commercial lunar mission; transportation, launch preparation, US export licensing
Tricon Veredlungs thermal insulation plastic film, gas barrier plastic films, custom made coated films
UTMC Microelectronic Systems radiation hardened memories, microcontrollers, logic and programmable logic devices, serial interfaces and gate arrays for space use
Vexcel Corporation supplier of remote sensing data processing systems, particularly synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
Vibro-Meter vibration transducers for microgravity experiments; general purpose displacement measuring systems; vibration and high resolution displacement measuring systems for space mechanisms
Xantrex Technology Inc, Programmable Division manufacturer of satellite power simulation equipment - solar array simulators, battery string simulators, payload power simulators, and thermal vacuum heater power and control systems
Aboa Space Research Oy designs and manufactures instruments and software for space environment measurements
Actel Corporation field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) based on antifuse and flash technologies and embedded programmable gate arrays (EPGAs) based on SRAM technology, as well as high-performance intellectual property (IP) cores, software development tools and design services
ADR high precision and instrument ball bearings for space applications including: actuators, rotary joints, RF switches, telescope mechanisms, antenna deployment and pointing, momentum and reaction wheels, geo sensors and mission specific instruments
Advanced Modular Power Systems space flight and engineering development, payload integration, mission operations; technologies include robotics, autonomous operation, optical sensors, machine vision; advanced spacecraft power systems development
AEA Technology Space radiometric calibration sources, lithium-ion batteries, battery cell bypass devices, helical antennas, space compatible lubricants, space bearings and gears, mechanisms
AEC-Able Engineering deployable structures and special purpose mechanisms for space applications including deployable masts, solar arrays, single axis actuators, rotary structures
AeroAstro development of small, low cost spacecraft, launch vehicles and components
Aeroflex Laboratories motion products for satellites and spacecraft including actuators, gimbaled systems, point and track, stabilised platforms, brushless DC and stepping motors, gearheads, brakes, clutches, hybridised and discrete drive amplifiers, DSP based motion controllers and optical scanners
Aerojet Corporation solid rocket motors, liquid rocket propulsion systems and engines; spaceborne electro-optical, microwave and millimetre wave sensors
Aerospace Scientific industrial grade artificial intelligence software for remote sensing, robotic exploration, autonomous spacecraft, automatic email handling systems, data mining and processing, spacecraft landing systems and telecommunications
Alenia Spazio telecommunications and scientific satellites as well as pressurised modules for the International Space Station
AlliedSignal Aerospace avionics for spacecraft and manned space vehicles (internal thermal control systems, fire detection systems, carbon dioxide removal systems, berthing mechanisms); spacecraft attitude control systems (star sensors, control momentum gyros, reaction wheels, momentum wheels, gyro based attitude reference systems)
Alpha Industries space qualified semiconductors including: schottky, varactor, PIN, mis capacitors, half micron MMIC switches, attenuators, hybrid control components
Amptek hybrid preamplifiers and front end electronics for space instrumentation; thermoelectrically cooled X-ray and gamma-ray detectors; plasma analysers; custom high voltage supplies
AMS Technologies distributor of space qualified components including: mulitlayer ceramic capacitors, microfuses, solid body fuses, high voltage power supplies
Anabond adhesives and sealants for use in space related applications; producers of HTPB resins used in solid propellant
Analog Devices space qualified precision high performance linear, mixed signal and digital inegrated circuits
Austrian Aerospace digital signal processing electronics, mechanisms and multilayer insulation for spacecraft as well as electrical and mechanical ground support equipment
Axon Cable Inc data bus harnesses for on-board satellite, launcher and space station applications
Aydin Telemetry distributed data acquisition systems, telemetry systems and data links for aircraft, missiles, unmanned vehicles and space vehicles
AZ Technology satellite and spacecraft paints/coatings with tailored thermal control and conductive properties; laboratory portable instruments for measuring optical properties; measurement and testing services on coatings including within a vacuum chamber; related engineering and IT services
Betatronix Inc potentiometers for space and launch vehicle applications
BF Goodrich Aerospace and BF Goodrich Aerospace digital telemetry and command systems; power systems; sequencers; timers; digital memory devices; radiation effects analysis; thermal and power management; data acquisition systems; attitude control systems
Bliley Technologies engineering and manufacturer of quartz crystal oscillators for space, military, and commercial applications; OCXO, TCXO, VCXO, and precision frequency control products
Boeing Space and Communications manned and unmanned space vehicles and supporting hardware; prime contractor for the US modules of the International Space Station; space surveillance
Bradford Engineering development and manufacturing of state-of-the-art satellite propulsion and thermal control systems
Canopus Systems Inc sensor based, space qualified instrumentation systems including miniature accelerometers and microaccelerometers systems for on-orbit microgravity characterisation, aerodynamic and upper atmosphere research and in-space propulsion diagnostics
Carleton Technologies Inc high pressure stored gas systems; pneumatic life support components for the Space Shuttle and International Space Station
Carlo Gavazzi Space ISS utilisation, instrumentation and processors for scientific and application payloads, instruments for microgravity experiments, small satellites, attitude control and modelling, mission analysis, on-board automation
Cedrat Technologies mechanisms for space applications; piezoelectric actuators
Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM) systems engineeering and design, mechanical engineering, wavefront engineering, micro-imagers, robotic systems, optical systems for high accuracy pointing, smart structures for artificial damping of vibrations, micro/nano technologies for small satellites
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory guidance, navigation and control systems; sensor, actuator and data management systems; advanced inertial systems; attitude control; energy storage; fibre optic gyros
Cincinnati Electronics Corporation TT&C transponders; command receivers; real time IR cameras; radiometers; IR detector and focal plane arrays; hybrid microcircuits
Clyde Space off-the-shelf and bespoke subsystem solutions for small satellites: spacecraft power systems, small satellite battery systems, digital and analogue systems, and R&D and consultancy services
Coherent Tutcore production of compound semiconductor materials, optoelectronic devices and laser systems
COM DEV Europe passive microwave devices, ferrite devices, active microwave devices, analogue and digital electronics
Componeering software for the analysis and design of composite laminates and laminated structural elements
Composite Optics Inc spacecraft structures including: solar array substrates, tubes
Composite Technology Development adhesives, insulation, coatings and resins for composites for cryogenic, high temperature and other harsh environments
EADS CASA Espacio CFRP structures, robotics, communications and radiometry antennas, phased array antennas, harnesses for spacecraft
Eagle-Picher Technologies Ni-H2 cells for spacecraft; spacecraft power subsystems; solar array components; power conditioning electronics
Eastman Kodak Company, Commercial and Government Systems spaceborne integrated imaging systems (optical, infra red, X-ray), CCD imaging sensors, large spaceborne optical mirrors and assemblies, photographic film for space use, spaceborne automatic film processing laboratories, specialised cameras for use in vacuum and in manned missions
Eaton Corporation and Eaton Corporation pressure regulators; relief valves; check valves; cryogenic valves and disconects; latching valves; solenoid valves; torque motor valves, thruster valves
EDO Corporation horizon crossing indicators; static earth sensors; sun sensors
EMS Technologies ferrite control components and subsystems; pin diode and MMIC switch matrices; phased arrays; beam forming networks; multiple beam antennas; solid state power amplifiers; space based power converters; power distribution equipment; Ka band components
EREMS electronic equipment for spacecraft including power conversion, measurement electronics, low noise amplifiers, management and control electronics, video tape recorders, eloctronics for medical measurements
Honeywell Inc guidance, navigation and control systems for launch vehicles and spacecraft; data handling management and processing systems; space instrumentation and sensors; on board data processors; display systems; flight and engine controls for manned space flight; satellite mechanisms; precision inertial instruments; radiation hardened memories; re-entry vehicles; reaction wheel assemblies; antenna pointing systems
HTS antennas; robotics; structures and mechanisms; EVA operable interfaces; mechanical ground support equipment; scientific experimental modules; scientific instruments; composite struts and tubes
ILC Dover Inc space suits; flexible, inflatable composite space structures including solar and radar arrays, booms, trusses and antennas; airbags for the soft landing of planetary probes; TransHab inflatable space habitation module
IMEC infra red sensors and arrays; detector arrays
Instrumentation Technology Associates hardware and flight opportunities for biomedical microgravity research in the areas of protein crystal growth, microencapsulation of drugs and collagen research
The International Space Propulsion Group of Companies provider of comprehensive suite of space propulsion services to industry, including engineering consultancy, production and test support, chemical propellant provision and launch support services, procurement support, legal and safety advisory support and training
Interpoint Corporation miniature hybrid DC to DC power conversion modules; miniature EMI filters
Interpoint UK miniature hybrid DC to DC power conversion modules; miniature EMI filters
Intersil Corporation manufacturer of space qualified integrated circuits and discrete semiconductors
IOT Systems in-orbit test (IOT) systems and services, payload R&D, systems simulation, payload simulators, satellite and earth station integration and test
Ithaco Inc Earth horizon sensors; electromagnetic torquers; reaction and momentum wheels; magnetometers; sun sensors
ITT Aerospace and ITT Aerospace Navstar-GPS, imaging systems for meteorlogical and earth resources satellites
Jena-Optronik and Jena-Optronik active and passive optical sensor systems and instruments; orbit and attitude measurement sensors (sun sensors, star sensors, pattern recognition sensors, rendez vous and docking sensors)
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In de afgelopen eeuw zijn slechts 15 elfstedentochten verreden. Er waren 38
winterse perioden waarin het ijs dik genoeg was. Niet iedere
mogelijkheid is benut omdat de organisatoren lang van tevoren moeten
weten of het ijs dik genoeg wordt. De kwaliteit van de
weersverwachtingen en het vertrouwen erin spelen hier een rol.
De verwachte temperatuurtoename in Nederland zal de kans op koude
perioden verkleinen. Uitgaande van de gegevens over de 20e eeuw kan een
schatting worden gemaakt van het aantal te verwachten elfstedentochten
in de 21e eeuw. Bij gelijkblijvende verhouding tussen benutte en
onbenutte kansen levert dat het volgende beeld op.
Elfsteden- tochten
Geschikte koude- perioden
20e eeuw
15
38
21e eeuw IPCC laag
10
26
21e eeuw IPCC hoog
4
10
Tabel: Schatting van het aantal elfstedentochten en
geschikte koudeperioden in de 21e eeuw, op basis van de uitersten van
de IPCC-projecties, onder aanname van gelijkblijvende verhouding
tussen benutte en onbenutte kansen.
Er zijn minder elfstedentochten te verwachten, tenzij de
kwaliteit van de weersverwachtingen en het vertrouwen verder kan worden
verbeterd.
WAP toepassing voor het weergeven van Buienradar.nl neerslag-radarbeelden
op je mobiele telefoon of PDA.
Ideaal voor het voorspellen van neerslag
voor landbouw, evenementen, buitenactiviteiten, watersport en (onweer)
chase / chases.
Je kunt deze extensie via bijv. GPRS opvragen. De kosten voor wat
betreft dataverkeer zijn laag; Het raadplegen van een radarbeeld (animatie) kost tussen de 4 en 25
KB aan dataverkeer voor een radarbeeld met 5 frames.
Mogelijkheden v1:
Algemeen overzicht beeld NL
Zoom beeld van 8 regio's in Nederland en 3 regio's in België gewoon
1:1 zoom
Naast regio's mogelijkheid om een postcode (alleen NL) als
middelpunt te gebruiken
Plaatsen (gele punten) worden door / over de neerslag heen
getoond (dus altijd zichtbaar, goede oritatie)
(animated) GIF bestand
Keuze uit 1 tot 13 (=60 min) frames animatie (animated GIF)
Kleine GIF bestanden (4 tot 25 KB bij 5 frames, afhankelijk van de
hoeveelheid neerslag)
Intro pagina geeft status laatste beeld aan, zodat je kunt zien of
er een (recent) radarbeeld beschikbaar is
Normaal (122 x 96p) en groot (244 x 192p) formaat afbeelding
Dit programma is succesvol getest op een groot aantal telefoons.
Het adres
Om de extensie te gebruiken, voer dit adres in in je telefoon (alleen
geschikt voor mobiele telefoon browsers):
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Toekomstverkenning CO2 Nederland tot 2020
Toekomstverkenning CO2 Nederland tot 2020
Uit een studie van het Milieu en Natuur Planbureau (MNP) en het
Energie Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) blijkt dat in Nederland
een reductie van de CO2 uitstoot in 2020 met 15% technisch haalbaar is,
maar dat bestaande politieke plannen niet afdoende zijn.
In bovenstaande figuur is de ontwikkeling van de CO2-emissie onder
invloed van het Global Economy scenario tegen de verschillende
indicatieve doelstellingen afgebeeld. Het GE-scenario laat zien wat de
CO2-emissie in 2020 zal zijn, wanneer er niet via aanvullende
beleidsmaatregelen gestreefd wordt naar reductie.
In dat scenario zou de totale emissie van Nederland overeenkomen met 251
Megaton CO2-equivalent.
Om te komen tot scenario 220, dat streeft naar
een stabilisatieniveau vanaf 2010, moet een reductie van 31 Megaton
CO2-eq bereikt worden.
Voor het 200-scenario, dat streeft naar 6% reductie tov 1990, is een
totale reductie van de CO2-emissie van 51 Megaton vereist, en voor het
180-scenario, met 15% reductie in het verlengde van het Kyotoprotocol,
is een reductie van 71 Megaton CO2-eq vereist.
Energiebesparing en extra kernenergie spelen in alle
scenario's een belangrijke rol,
terwijl CO2-opslag en grootschalig gebruik van duurzame energiebronnen
pas een belangrijke rol spelen in het 180-scenario, met de relatief
sterke reductie van de CO2-emissie ten opzichte van het basisjaar.
Het rapport stelt verder dat een stijging van de olieprijs boven de
verwachte prijs van 40 dollar per vat geen directe invloed heeft op het
optiepakket aan emissiereducerende beleidsmaatregelen. Wel kan een
verdere stijging van de olieprijs de optiepakketten relatief goedkoper
maken, vooral omdat maatregelen met betrekking tot efficiëntie dan meer
zullen opleveren,
Een ander gevolg van een hoger dan verwachte olieprijs kan een
herwaardering van energieopwekking in steenkoolcentrales zijn, die het
behalen van emissiedoelstellingen in de toekomst eventueel kunnen
bemoeilijken.
Zonder emissiebeperkend beleid wordt de CO2 uitstoot volledig door
economische factoren bepaald. De studie gaat uit van een actueel
scenario voor economische ontwikkeling van "relatief hoge economische
groei, hoge bevolkingsgroei, resulterend in een hoog energiegebruik en
hoge emissies", het GEact-scenario.
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ozon
Ozon
De ozonlaag is een laag waarin relatief veel van het gas ozon (O3)
voorkomt, tussen de 15 en 30 km hoog, ofwel het onderste deel van de
stratosfeer.
Ozon kan ultraviolette straling van de zon neutraliseren. Ultraviolette
straling beschadigd celstructuren en DNA, zonder de bescherming van de
ozonlaag zouden vrijwel alle organismen op aarde sterven.
In het IPCC/TEAP Special Report voor bescherming van de ozonlaag wordt
het effect van het Montreal Protocol geanalyseerd. Door sterk
verminderde uitstoot van ozonafbrekende stoffen is de dikte van de
ozonlaag tegenwoordig stabiel.
In bovenstaande figuur is de verwachte ontwikkeling van de ozonlaag
weergegeven voor de periode tot 2050, als afwijking van de waarde voor
de dikte in 1980. Ondanks het in werking treden van het Montreal
Protocol in 1989 en daarop volgende emissiebeperkingen, is de ozonlaag
in de jaren '90 nog dunner geworden.
Dat is het gevolg van de grote halfwaardetijd van onder andere CFK's.
Inmiddels is een niveau van stabilisatie bereikt waarbij de ozonlaag
niet structureel dunner wordt. Wel is de dikte van de ozonlaag
onderhevig aan seizoensfluctuatie en natuurlijke schommelingen van jaar
tot jaar onder invloed van het weer. De afbraak van ozon verloopt
sneller bij koude temperaturen, waardoor de ozonlaag dunner is na de
winter en relatief dik aan het einde van de zomer. Als de temperatuur in
de stratosfeer een aantal jaren relatief laag uitvalt kan dat de dikte
van de ozonlaag sterk beinvloeden. Om die reden kan ook (tijdelijk)
sprake zijn van een lokaal "ozongat", een duidelijke verdunning, zoals
in de jaren '90 gemeten boven de Zuidpool.
Het IPCC verwacht dat de ozonlaag zich, dankzij de emissiebeperkingen,
in de toekomst zal herstellen. Volgens de grafiek zal de ozonlaag in het
gunstigste geval in 2026 weer op de dikte van 1980 zijn, maar het
volledige herstel kan in een slechter scenario ook nog duren tot ver na
2050.
"There is no bigger problem than climate change. The threat is quite
simple, it's a threat to our civilization".
Professor Sir David King was appointed as the Government's Chief
Scientific Adviser and Head of the Office of Science and Technology in
October 2000. Born in South Africa in 1939, and after an early career at
the University of Witwatersrand, Imperial College and the University of
East Anglia, he became the Brunner Professor of Physical Chemistry at
the University of Liverpool in 1974. In 1988, he was appointed 1920
Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge and
subsequently became Master of Downing College (1995-2000), and Head of
the University Chemistry Department (1993-2000).
The Climate Group spoke to Professor King at the Office of Science and
Technology on June 28th 2004.
At what level do you think we are capable of stabilising CO2
emissions, and at what level do you believe they will, in fact, be
stabilised?
The classic warming period level of carbon dioxide is around 270 parts
per million [ppm]. The classic ice age level is 200-220 ppm. We are
currently at 379ppm and rising at 2 to 3 ppm per annum. So it is already
quite bad news, and therefore the answer to the question, 'where would
we like to be?' is, 'not where we are now'. But given where we are now
we ought to settle on a level of carbon dioxide that is ultimately
realistic, and a realistic level might be 550 ppm. 550 ppm is going to
be quite tough globally to achieve, particularly with developing
countries' increasing need for energy, and with a global population
currently 6.2 billion, and probably going up to 9 billion people by
2050. Unfortunately, the latest research is indicating that if we are to
avoid sudden climate change events it is very difficult to calculate
the levels at which those effects may switch in. And it may be that 450
ppm is already at a level where that becomes a problem. So if we were
sitting here saying we could turn off emissions tomorrow, I would be
saying 400-450 ppm. But being realistic, 550 ppm is probably still the
right level to be targeting.
Do you think we'll make that?
What I'm saying is we have to aim for a level which I think we can make,
and which we jolly well have to make.
Are we on track to make it?
No we're not. We need an enormous amount of action to make it. The UK is
possibly the only country that is currently meeting the Kyoto
requirements, and yet our government has announced that Kyoto is not
nearly enough. So I think that we will have to see a massive change in
attitude and policy around the world.
What are the impacts relating to the 550 stabilisation level?
First of all, at 379ppm we have already experienced a 0.6-0.8 degree
temperature rise and we are already observing the impacts of that. There
is an analysis which demonstrates that the very hot summer that we had
in Europe last year is a global warming effect. 26,000 deaths, 12
billion estimated costs to the built environment, big increases in the
insurance claims, that's just one example of the effect of global
warming and how it's already impacting us.
But these impacts
are nothing compared with what is going to happen. 16 of the 19 biggest
cities in the world are all sitting on coastlines and are very much at
risk as sea levels rise, and as storms increase. By 2050 we may see
something in the region of 50-250 million people displaced from their
homes. Unfortunately, many of the worst impacts will occur in countries
that can least afford to protect themselves. For example, Africa is very
likely to suffer from a radical increase in desertification.
So, all round, quite severe impacts even if we maintain a level of
carbon dioxide of 550ppm. If we go on consuming fossil fuels without
regard to carbon dioxide emissions as we are now, then the impacts will
be more severe than I've been talking about.
The biggest impact, let me say it now, is going to be if the Greenland
ice-sheet melts, which would mean sea-level rises of 6-7 metres. Now
that's going to take a long time, but it's likely that a temperature
rise of around 3°C is going to be sufficient to kick off the melting of
the Greenland ice sheet, and that in itself means that in the longer
term, perhaps 500, perhaps 1000 years, we will lose all of those major
global cities. The cost of dealing with those impacts is massive.
What about the costs of taking action?
Earlier this year, the Office of Science and Technology published its
report on the increased flood risks to the UK over the next 50-80 years.
There are 2 conclusions to that report. One is that even in the best
scenario of CO2 emissions globally it's going to cost us an enormous
amount to manage risks to homes from being flooded at their present
level. But if we have the worst emissions scenario, that's a business as
usual scenario, the cost becomes prohibitively high, and we will be
writing off areas of the country as flood plains. It is very clear,
therefore, that it's much better to spend a pound on reducing emissions
than trying to spend a pound on the consequences of emitting. It's true
for the UK, it's true for every other country, and we are working hard
to get that message across.
How important is leadership from governments and businesses on this
issue?
What is critically important is that governments are recognising the
need to act together. We need global acceptance of an ultimate level of
carbon dioxide that we will aim to maintain the globe at. And we need
then to put in place measures to make sure that we don't exceed that
level. This is going to require first of all agreement from all G8
countries, and in the second round, we must bring on India, China and
the developing world. So, that in itself is absolutely crucial. But of
course in getting to that stage we are engaging with many companies
around the world. And in the UK we've been very successful in engaging
with a number of companies who have now committed to reducing emissions
in their own operations, and interestingly amongst those are the big oil
companies. I think that's important in this phase when we're trying to
get global understanding and acceptance of the magnitude of the problem.
I think 2 countries are leading at the moment; the UK and Germany. The
UK is saying, we will reduce our emissions by 60% by 2050, and we're not
waiting for other countries to come on board. We will do it, and we're
setting out a road map to achieve it. In Germany, their target is now
50% by 2050. What we need to see though, is in the immediate future,
Russia, Australia and the United States signing up to Kyoto, so we can
move on introducing carbon trading. Carbon trading provides the global
mechanism for, in a fair way, achieving emissions reduction. Carbon
trading will begin in Europe next year and I think that's again a big
step forward. But no, nobody yet is doing enough. But the British
government is taking a strong leadership role.
Is carbon trading the most important policy instrument?
I think that the most important drivers are economic regulatory drivers.
What this specifically means is internalising the external cost. Here
the external cost is the cost to the environment of emitting carbon
dioxide, so any emitter gets charged the additional cost associated with
that. That is an important driver. And we also have to look very
carefully at how local economies are affected. So it's not just how much
carbon dioxide you are emitting, but what the easiest way to reduce
emissions is without hurting the economy. So, for example, easy wins are
in the built environment which takes up something like 60% of the
energy of the grid. We can design homes and buildings in a way that
conserves energy considerably better than we are today, and without much
increased cost in terms of putting those houses up. The difficult areas
are air transport for example. So, I think that the increased costs
have to be borne in a differential way, we can't treat this as just one
common factor.
Do we need to highlight the win-wins more?
There are many win-win situations which The Climate Group is right to
draw attention to. Businesses save money through energy efficiency.
Anyone who drives a car with a better fuel economy is also saving money.
The new hybrid engine car driven in London would produce 65 miles per
gallon, and that would be taxi driver type service, compared with a
normal car producing 25 miles per gallon. You're producing less carbon
dioxide and you're paying less for the fuel. There are also advantages
for businesses, especially the producers of new devices, for getting
into these new technologies early.
But we have to keep coming back to the same point; that increased
impacts mean that the cost for all of us is going to go up. And these
costs have to be borne globally by all societies. And I think what
people really worry about is that if one country gets involved and
others don't we will lose our competitive edge. And so I come back to
the overall imperative which is to get all countries acting together.
What are the technological priorities for making progress?
The answer to the question depends very much on the timescale that
you're looking at. So, for example, I am very excited by the current
state of nuclear fusion research internationally. I think that all the
science is there, that fusion power stations will be developed in the
future. I think we're still 35 years away from having power stations
which are commercial. But once that happens we will have a power source
with no radioactive waste, that works with lithium and deuterium of
which there is an abundance in the earth. We could probably keep
powering the requirements even of our 9 billion population that will be,
for several thousand years. And that in the longer term has to be a
very important goal.
But in the shorter term I think a broad menu approach is required. We
must look at carbon dioxide sequestration; we must look at alternative
energy sources such as tidal energy, wave energy. I think work on the
hydrogen fuel economy, hydrogen fuel cells, production and storage of
hydrogen are key factors. We must also look at 4th generation nuclear
fission. We're talking here about the world's biggest problem, and we
need to put all our resources into switching from fossil fuels, where
our dependency lies totally at the moment, to alternatives to fossil
fuel. We must also press very hard on energy efficiency gains.
Is the climate change message currently being communicated
effectively?
I think the climate change message can be difficult to get across. We
all enjoy warm summers, and we look forward to the possibility of better
British wines! We also all know that extreme climate events always
happen, so you get a long hot summer in Europe as in 2003 and very few
people suffering from it actually think of it as a global warming event.
I'm afraid one thinks of a frog boiler. You put a frog in cool water
and slowly warm the water up, and the frog just thinks it's lovely and
doesn't jump out until it dies. But if you toss the frog into hot water
it leaps out very quickly. I'm afraid we are in a frog boiler situation.
The warming up is so slow that we're not complaining about it, even
though the effects are quite dramatic.
So what should we be doing to get the message through?
Recently, I gave a review of the film The Day After Tomorrow. I did this
for the very simple reason that I think the film raises the issue of
climate change. And using opportunities like this is just one example of
how we can move on this issue, and we must. We've got to take every
opportunity.
Fundamentally, there are some very, very simple messages to get across.
Throughout every ice age for the last 800,000 years we know that carbon
dioxide levels were about 200 ppm, and throughout every warm period for
the last 800,000 years they were about 260ppm. Because of our use of
fossil fuel we've broken that ice age / warm period cycle. We are now
moving into the first hot period for 800,000 years. This is not too
difficult a message to get through.
Is this one of the key issues you want to act on in your role as Head
of the UK's Office of Science and Technology?
I don't know about want to, I am acting. Since I took the job in October
2000 this has been the focus for the simple reason that this is the
biggest problem facing us globally this century. There is no bigger
problem. The threat is quite simple; it's a threat to our civilisation.
Nuclear power and genetically modified food have never been popular
with traditional environmentalists. But these are necessities of the
future, if we as a whole wish to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions,
according to a leading scientist at the Beyond Kyoto conference
He made clear that if the
climate challenges are not taken seriously, it could have dire
consequences:
What is going to happen unless we take hand on the situation is that
conflict is going to be a method of solution.
The worlds population is expected to reach 9 billion people in 2050.
King stated, that unless a more unified front in the struggle for
securing global resources is made and resource management on a global
scale is implemented, invasion of other countries motivated by a desire
to secure energy supplies might well be the future.
Future historians might look back on our recent past and see the
Iraq war as the first of the conflicts of this kind - the first
resource war.
King, 69, a former Chief Scientific Adviser to the former British
Prime Minister Tony Blair and co-author of the book The Hot Topic, was
one of the key note speakers at the Beyond Kyoto conference in Århus.
According to King, technology is already available to produce more
crop per drop. The world has had two green revolutions since 1965, but
now needs a third one. On a global scale, a 55% increase in current food
production needs to occur by 2050. This could only happen with
genetically modified crops and food products.
Rice genetically modified to survive up to 4 months completely submerged
in water has already been developed and should be on the market next
year, but could have been available 10 years ago if the general public
were more inclined.
We have to re-gear our thinking completely to meet the global
challenges. All of those processes that helped our industry and economy
in the 20th century are no longer valid let me just say, yes we have to
examine climate change, but remember please, [that this must happen]
alongside all the other issues resulting from our increasing
population.
Bron oorspronkelijk artikel: The Climate Group, Interview with Professor
King at the Office of Science and Technology
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PCC Temperatuurvoorspelling 2020.
IPCC Temperatuurvoorspelling 2020.
Het IPCC
staat voor het Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, een
internationaal orgaan, dat is ontstaan uit de
Wereld Meteorologische Organisatie (WMO) en het Milieubureau van de VN,
het UNEP en het werkt samen met alle grote
meteorologische organisaties, waaronder het KNMI.
De
meetgegevens en voorspellingen van het IPCC vormen de grondslag van
het Kyoto-protocol.
Het IPCC beheert een website voor hun Data
Distribution
Centre.
Daar presenteren ze de meetgegevens voor de huidige klimaatontwikkeling
en de voorspellingen voor toekomstprojecties met betrekking tot de
ontwikkeling van neerslag en temperatuur.
Met behulp van een interactief systeem wordt de bezoeker in staat
gesteld zelf klimaatvoorspellingen te maken.
In onderstaande tabel zijn gemiddelde
temperatuurstijgingen voor Noordpool,
Groenland, Nederland en Antarctica weergegeven.
Vrijwel alle modellen voorspellen temperatuurstijgingen boven de Noordpool en verwachten de
zwakste temperatuurstijging boven Antarctica.
In 2020
zal de
temperatuur op de Noordpool het sterkst zijn gestegen, gemiddeld 3,2
graden ten opzichte van 1990.
De luchttemperatuur boven
Groenland zal met 1,7 graden stijgen.
Voor Nederland wordt een
temperatuurstijging van 1,6 graden verwacht en voor Antarctica een
stijging van
1,1 graden Celsius.
Wel moet vermeld worden dat de temperatuurstijging
steeds opvallend lager was voor lucht boven
de kustwateren van Antartica.
Dat is van invloed op de smeltextensie van
het zeeijs.
Opvallend is dat de gebieden met de hoogst voorspelde
temperatuurstijging, de Noordpool en Groenland, ook de grootste
onzekerheid in de
voorspelling hebben, getuige de relatief hoge standaarddeviatie tussen
de verschillende GCM's.
Op basis van het IPCC wordt
een minimale gemiddelde temperatuurstijging verwacht boven de Noordpool
van 2 graden en maximaal 4 graden.
Voor het gebied ten noorden van de Beringzee en ten noorden
van Siberie worden de grootste stijgingen verwacht, dit is teken van
een grotere
invloed van warm oceaanwater van de Grote en de Atlantische oceaan.
Het
ontstaan van een open water verbinding tussen beide oceanen wordt steeds aannemelijker.
In 4 van de 23 GCM-scenario's wordt boven Groenland de kritieke
gemiddelde temperatuurstijging van 2,7 graden al in 2020 benaderd of
overschreden.
In de scenario's waarin dat nog niet het geval is, komt een dergelijke
temperatuurstijging lokaal wel voor, meestal aan de west- of aan de
noordkust.
Bovenstaande figuur toont het data plot voor het GCM CSIRO/B2a.
Duidelijk is de verwachte sterke temperatuurstijging boven het Arctische
gebied en de zwakke
stijging boven Antartica.
Met name het gebied ten noorden van Alaska en
ten noorden van Siberie zullen in dit plot sterk opwarmen.
De
voorspellingen
ten aanzien van Groenland zijn onzeker.
Bronnen:
- IPCC 2001, Third Assessment Report.
- Gregory, J.M., P. Huybrechts, and S.C.B. Raper, 2004: Threatened loss
of the Greenland ice sheet. Nature, 428, 616.
De snelle temperatuurstijging van de afgelopen 15 jaren zet niet in
hetzelfde tempo door als verwacht maar Nederland wordt wel steeds warmer. In 2050
zal de gemiddelde temperatuur ongeveer 0,9 tot 2,8 graden hoger liggen dan in
1990 en ook na 2050 zal de temperatuur in Nederland steeds blijven stijgen.
De
winters worden gemiddeld natter, de zomers wel droger, maar de
kans op extreme neerslag neemt dan wel toe.
KNMI 06 scenario's
Het KNMI heeft in 2006 de klimaatscenario's reeds gepresenteerd
voor de ontwikkeling van het klimaat in Nederland in de toekomst. Om een
indruk te geven van het bereik van mogelijke uitkomsten,
hanteert het KNMI een indeling met vier klimaatscenario's.
De klimaatvoorspellingen per scenario zijn tot stand gekomen met
gebruikmaking van computermodellen (General
Circulation Models, of GCM's) die ook door het IPCC gebruikt worden
voor de berekening van hun aanstaande klimaatrapport, Assessment
Report No. 4 (AR4), dat in 2007 zal verschijnen.
Op basis van de uitkomsten van het vorige IPCC-rapport, het Third
Assessment Report (TAR), uit 2001, heeft het KNMI de scenario's op
temperatuur ingedeeld: De scenario's G en G+ zijn gematigd en gaan uit
van een wereldwijde temperatuurstijging tot 2050 van 1 graad. De
scenario's W en W+ gaan uit van een warmer klimaat met een wereldwijde
temperatuurstijging van 2 graden.
In de nieuwe klimaatstudie laat het KNMI voor het eerst ook een
mogelijke verandering van de luchtstromingspatronen boven West-Europa
zien, zoals uit enkele modellen naar voren komt. Scenario's G+ en
W+ gaan uit van significant verschillende luchtstromingen in zowel
zomer als winter, terwijl scenario's G en W uitgaan van een ongewijzigde
situatie.
Temperatuurstijging
De specifieke GCM-berekeningen voor Nederland laten in alle scenario's
een temperatuurstijging zien, met een klein verschil tussen zomer en
winter.
De grafiek laat de ontwikkeling van de wintertemperatuur zien
in de Bilt tussen 1900 en 2100.
De verwachte stijging van de wintertemperatuur tussen 1990 en 2050
bedraagt 0,9 tot 2,3 graden.
Na 2050 zet de temperatuurstijging onverminderd voort.
Tot het jaar 2100 zal de Nederlandse wintertemperatuur afhankelijk van
het scenario met 1,8 tot 4,7 graden toenemen.
Volgens de nieuwe berekeningen is het bereik van plausibele waarden voor
de zomertemperatuur iets groter dan voor de wintertemperatuur: in het
scenario met de grootste temperatuurstijging (W+) wordt uitgegaan van
een temperatuur die in 2050 gemiddeld 2,8 graden hoger zal liggen dan in
1990. Het laagste scenario gaat ook voor de zomertemperatuur uit van
een stijging van 0,9 graden.
Ook de stijging van de zomertemperatuur zal volgens het KNMI in de
periode tussen 2050 en 2100 onverminderd doorgaan. In het jaar 2100 is
het 's zomers gemiddeld 1,8 tot 5,7 graden warmer dan in 1990.
Tussen 1990 en 2005 is de gemiddelde temperatuur in Nederland met meer
dan 0,5 graden gestegen. Extrapolatie van die trend doet verwachten dat
de gemiddelde temperatuur in Nederland rond 2050 minstens twee graden
hoger zal liggen. Alhoewel een dergelijke temperatuurstijging volgens de
nieuwe berekeningen mogelijk wordt geacht, ligt dat hoog in het bereik
van mogelijke waarden. Het KNMI gaat er vanuit dat de
temperatuurstijging tussen 1990 en 2005 door natuurlijke schommelingen
iets hoger uit viel dan in de structurele langetermijn ontwikkeling.
Grafieken
In de grafieken is duidelijk te zien dat de scenario's die uitgaan van
een veranderd luchtstromingspatroon (G+ en W+), een hogere waarde voor
de temperatuur opleveren dan de overeenkomende scenario's die uitgaan
van een gelijkblijvend luchtstromingspatroon (respectievelijk G en W).
Neerslag
De voorspelling van de te verwachten gemiddelde hoeveelheid neerslag is
minder eenduidig dan voor de ontwikkeling van temperatuur geldt. Alle
scenario's gaan uit van een toename van de neerslag in de winter, twee
scenario's wijzen op een lichte toename van de neerslag in de zomer,
terwijl de andere twee (G+ en W+) juist een flinke afname van de
zomerneerslag laten zien.
Opvallend is wederom de invloed van een veranderde luchtstroming in het
model. Volgens scenario's G+ en W+ zorgt een mogelijke verandering van
het luchtstromingspatroon boven West-Europa voor een lichte toename van
de neerslag in de winter en een forse afname van de neerslag in de
zomer, waardoor perioden van droogte vaker kunnen voorkomen, met
mogelijk grote gevolgen voor landbouw en natuurbeheer. Ook in de andere
scenario's (G en W) neemt het neerslagtekort toe. De totale hoeveelheid
neerslag stijgt in die scenario's weliswaar, ook in de zomer, maar de
spreiding wordt naar verwachting ongunstiger, met meer neerslagextremen.
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