James Randi (born August 7, 1928)[1] (stage name The Amazing Randi) is a stage magician and scientific skeptic best known as a challenger of paranormal claims and pseudoscience. Born Randall James Hamilton Zwinge,[1] in Toronto, Ontario in Canada, Randi is the founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Randi began his career as a magician, but then began investigating paranormal claims. Although often referred to as a "debunker", Randi rejects that title, describing himself as an "investigator".[2] He has written about the paranormal, skepticism, and the history of magic. He was a frequent guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and is occasionally featured on the television program Penn & Teller: Bullshit!.
The JREF sponsors the famous million dollar challenge offering a prize of US $1,000,000 to anyone who can demonstrate evidence of any paranormal, supernatural or occult power or event, under test conditions agreed to by both parties. As of this time, no one has claimed this prize.
Early and personal life
Randi is the the oldest of three children[3], having a younger brother and sister.[4] He took up magic after reading magic books while spending 13 months in a body cast due to a bicycle accident.[3] His doctors expected Randi would never walk again, but he did.[3]
In the 1960s, Randi worked in Philippine night clubs.[5]
Randi witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural. One of his earliest reported experiences is that of seeing an evangelist using the "one-ahead"[6] routine to convince churchgoers of his divine powers.[7]
Randi for many years has been an amateur astronomer, influenced by his friend Carl Sagan. In 1981 asteroid 3163 Randi was named for him.[3]
In 1987, Randi became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[8] Randi has said that one reason he became an American citizen was an incident while on tour with Alice Cooper where the Royal Canadian Mounted Police searched the band's lockers during a performance, holding Randi at gunpoint when he objected.[9]
In February of 2006, Randi underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.[10] In early February 2006, he was declared to be in stable condition and "receiving excellent care" with his recovery proceeding well. The weekly commentary updates to his website were made by guests while he was hospitalized.[11] Randi recovered after his surgery and was able to help organize and attend the 2007 Amazing Meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada (an annual convention of scientists, magicians, skeptics, atheists, and other freethinkers).[12]
Career as a magician
Randi worked as a professional stage magician and escapologist beginning in 1946, initially under his birth name, Randall Zwinge. Early in his career, Randi was part of numerous stunts involving his escape from jail cells and safes. On February 7, 1956, he appeared live on The Today Show remaining in a sealed metal coffin submerged in a hotel swimming pool for 104 minutes, breaking what was said to be Houdini's record of 93 minutes.[13][14]
Randi was the host of The Amazing Randi Show on New York radio station WOR-Radio in the mid-1960s.[15] He also hosted numerous television specials and went on several world tours. Then Randi appeared as "The Amazing Randi" on a television show entitled Wonderama from 1967 to 1972[16] and as host of a revival of the 1950s children's show The Magic Clown in 1970.[17] In the February 2, 1974 issue of Abracadabra (a British conjuring magazine), Randi defined the magic community saying, "I know of no calling which depends so much upon mutual trust and faith as does ours." In the December 2003 issue of the The Linking Ring, the monthly publication of The International Brotherhood of Magicians, Points to Ponder: Another Matter of Ethics, p. 97, it is stated, "Perhaps Randi's ethics are what make him Amazing" and "The Amazing Randi not only talks the talk, he walks the walk."
During Alice Cooper's 1974 tour, Randi performed as the dentist and executioner on stage.[18] Also, Randi had designed and built several of the stage props, including the guillotine.[19][20] Shortly after, in February 1975, Randi escaped from a straitjacket while suspended upside-down over Niagara Falls in the winter on the Canadian TV program World of Wizards.[21]
Early in his career, Randi was sent a contract for a tour in Florida. His friends in New York mentioned to him that hed certainly be working before audiences segregated by race, so before he signed the agreement, he wrote in a clause specifying that the promoters could not deny tickets to blacks or segregate the audiences in any way. Upon arriving on scene, he found that the concert promoter had ignored this stipulation in his contract. He discovered that blacks were forced to watch the show from the balcony, and he immediately walked away from the tour. Appealing to the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA), he was paid in full for the balance of the tour.[citation needed]
Randi was once accused of actually using 'psychic powers' to perform acts such as spoon bending. James Alcock relates this incident which occurred at a meeting where Randi was duplicating the performances of Uri Geller: A professor from the University at Buffalo shouted out that Randi was a fraud. Randi said, "Yes indeed, I'm a trickster, I'm a cheat, I'm a charlatan, that's what I do for a living. Everything I've done here was by trickery." The professor shouted back: "That's not what I mean. You're a fraud because you're pretending to do these things through trickery, but you're actually using psychic powers and misleading us by not admitting it."[22] The famous author and believer in spiritualism Arthur Conan Doyle had years earlier made a similar accusation against the magician Harry Houdini.[23]
Author
Randi is author of Conjuring (1992), a biographical history of noted magicians. The book is subtitled: Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery, Prestidigitation, Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery and of the Mountebanks & Scoundrels Who have Perpetrated these Subterfuges on a Bewildered Public, in short, MAGIC!. The book selects the most influential magicians, and explains their history in the context of strange deaths and career on the road. This work expanded on his 1976 book Houdini, His Life and Art, which focused on Houdini and his cohorts. Randi also wrote a children's book in 1989 titled The Magic World of the Amazing Randi introducing children to magic tricks.
In addition to his magic books, he has written several educational works about the paranormal and pseudoscientific. These include biographies of Uri Geller and Nostradamus as well as reference material on other major paranormal figures. He is currently working on A Magician in the Laboratory, which recounts his application of skepticism to science.[24]
Career as a skeptic
Randi entered the international spotlight in 1972 when he publicly challenged the claims of Uri Geller. Randi accused Geller of being nothing more than a charlatan and a fraud using standard "magic" tricks to accomplish his allegedly paranormal feats, and he backed up his claims in the book The Truth About Uri Geller.[7][25] Geller later sued Randi for $15 million in 1991.[26] Eventually Geller's suit against CSICOP was thrown out in 1995, and he was ordered to pay $120,000 for filing a "frivolous" lawsuit.[27]
Randi was a founding fellow and prominent member of CSICOP, the Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal.[28] During the period when Geller was filing numerous civil suits against him, CSICOP's leadership, wanting to avoid becoming a target of Geller's litigation, requested that Randi refrain from commenting on Geller. Randi refused and resigned. He still maintains a respectful relationship with the group and frequently writes articles for its magazine.
Randi has gone on to write several books criticizing beliefs and claims regarding the paranormal.[29] He has also been instrumental in exposing frauds and charlatans who exploit this field for personal gain. In one example, his Project Alpha hoax, Randi revealed that he had been able to orchestrate a three year-long compromise of a privately-funded psychic research experiment.[30] The hoax became a scandal and demonstrated the shortcomings of many paranormal research projects at the university level. Some said that the hoax was unethical, while others claimed his actions were a legitimate exercise in exposing poor research techniques.[31]
Randi has also appeared on numerous other programs sometimes to directly debunk the claimed abilities of fellow guests. In a 1981 appearance on a show called That's My Line, Randi appeared opposite psychic James Hydrick, who claimed that he could move things with his mind, and demonstrated this ability on live television by apparently turning a page in a telephone book without touching it.[32] Randi, having determined that the trick was most likely based on Hydrick surreptitiously blowing, arranged packaging peanuts on the table in front of the telephone book for the demonstration, preventing Hydrick from demonstrating his abilities which would have been exposed when the blowing moved the packaging.[33] Many years later, Hydrick admitted his fraud.[34]
Randi was awarded a MacArthur Foundation "Genius" award in 1986.[3] The money was used for Randi's comprehensive exposé of faith healers including Peter Popoff, W. V. Grant and Ernest Angley.[3] During the course of the investigation Randi was "healed" by these ministers.[3] When Popoff was exposed, he was forced to declare bankruptcy within the year.[35]
In 1988, Randi showed how gullible the media are by perpetrating a "fraud" of his own. By teaming up with Australia's 60 Minutes program and by releasing a fake press package he built up publicity for a spirit channeler named Carlos, who was actually an artist named Jose Alvares, a friend of Randi's. Randi would tell him what to say through sophisticated radio equipment. The media and the public were taken as no reporter bothered to check Carlos' credentials and history, which were all made up. The hoax was exposed on 60 Minutes; Carlos and Randi explained how they pulled it off. [36] [37]
In the book The Faith Healers, Randi explains his anger and relentlessness as arising out of compassion for the helpless victims of frauds. Randi has also been critical of João de Deus, also known as John of God, a self-proclaimed psychic surgeon who has received international attention.[38] Randi observed, referring to psychic surgery, "To any experienced conjuror, the methods by which these seeming miracles are produced are very obvious".[39]
In 1982, Randi verified the abilities of Arthur Lintgen, a Philadelphia physician who is able to determine the classical music recorded on a vinyl LP solely by examining the grooves on the record. However, Lintgen does not claim to have any paranormal ability, merely knowledge of the way that the grooves form patterns on particular recordings.[40]
James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF)
-
In 1996, Randi established the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Randi updates the JREF's website on Fridays with a written commentary titled Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF. Randi also contributes a regular column, titled "'Twas Brillig", to The Skeptics Society's Skeptic Magazine. In his weekly commentary, Randi often gives examples of what he feels is the nonsense that he deals with every day.[41]
He has regularly featured on many podcasts that can be found online, including The Skeptics Society's official podcast Skepticality [42] and the Center for Inquiry's official podcast Point of Inquiry [43]. From September 2006 onwards, he occasionally contributes to The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast with a column entitled "Randi Speaks".[44]
Randi's viewpoints
On Christianity and Judaism
"For example, they told me, some 2,000 years ago a mid-East virgin was impregnated by a ghost of some sort, and as a result produced a son who could walk on water, raise the dead, turn water into wine, and multiply loaves of bread and fishes. All that was in addition to tossing out demons. He expected and accepted a brutal, sadistic, death and then he rose from the dead. There was much, much, more. Adam and Eve, they said, were the original humans, plunked down in a garden to start our species going. But I didn't understand, and still don't, that they had only two children, both sons and one of them killed the other yet somehow they produced enough people to populate the Earth, without incest, which was a big no-no! Then some prophet or other made the Earth stop turning, an army blew horns until a wall fell down, a guy named Moses made the Red Sea divide in two, and made frogs fall out of the sky
. I needn't go on. And that's only a small start on one religion! The Wizard of Oz is more believable. And more fun."[45]
On Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and spritualism
Randi describes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the Scottish author most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, as a "bit of a snob", and that his endorsement of spiritualism, which Randi describes as "incredible naive", brought legitimacy to it as a religion.[46]
The $1 million challenge
-
The James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) currently offers a prize of one million U.S. dollars to anyone who can demonstrate a supernatural ability under agreed-upon scientific testing criteria. Similar to the paranormal challenges of John Nevil Maskelyne and Houdini, in 1964, Randi put up $1,000 of his own money payable to the first person who could provide objective proof of the paranormal.[47] Since then, the prize money has grown to the current $1,000,000, and has formal published rules. No one has progressed past the preliminary test which is set up with parameters agreed to by both Randi and the applicant. He also refuses to accept any challengers who might suffer serious injury or death as a result of the testing they intend to undergo.
On Larry King Live March 6, 2001 Larry King asked Sylvia Browne if she would take the challenge and she agreed.[48] Then Randi appeared with Browne on Larry King Live on September 3, 2001 and she again accepted the challenge.[49] However, she has refused to be tested and Randi keeps a clock on his website recording the number of weeks that have passed since Sylvia accepted the challenge without following through.
During Larry King Live on June 5, 2001 Randi challenged Rosemary Altea to undergo testing for the million dollars. However Altea would not even address the question.[50] Instead Altea, in part, replied "I agree with what he says, that there are many, many people who claim to be spiritual mediums, they claim to talk to the dead. There are many, people, we all know this. There are cheats and charlatans everywhere."[50] Then on January 26, 2007 Altea and Randi again appeared on Larry King Live. Once again, she refused to answer whether or not she would take the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge.[51]
Randi has recently challenged David R. Hawkins to win the prize with Hawkins' "arm-pressing technique" (applied kinesiology), suggesting it would only take thirty minutes of easy work, but believing that Hawkins would not even attempt to apply for the challenge for "obvious" reasons.[52]
Starting on April 1, 2007 only those with an already existing media profile and the backing of a reputable academic would be allowed to apply for the challenge.[53] The resources freed up by not having to test obscure and possibly mentally ill claimants will then be used to more aggressively challenge notorious high-profile alleged psychics and mediums such as Sylvia Browne, Allison DuBois and John Edward with a campaign in the media.[53]
On January 4, 2008 it was announced that the million dollar challenge would be discontinued on March 6, 2010 in order to free up the money and resources for other uses.[54]
JREF maintains a public log of past participants in the Million Dollar Challenge.[55]
Legal disputes
Randi has been involved in a variety of legal disputes, but claims to have "never paid even one dollar or even one cent to anyone who ever sued me."[56]
Eldon Byrd
In an interview with Twilight Zone Magazine, Randi accused Uri Geller and Eldon Byrd of being the ringleaders in a criminal blackmail plot aimed at destroying Randi.[57] Byrd sued Randi when he was accused by the magician of being a convicted child molester. Following the trial a press release from Randi said "Testimony adduced at the trial revealed that, in fact, Mr. Byrd had not been convicted of the crime of child molestation as suggested by Mr. Randi, but instead had been arrested for possession with intent to distribute obscene materials involving children, and had pled guilty to a reduced charge of possession with intent to distribute obscene materials". The jury also heard testimony that Byrd had sexually molested, and later married, his sister-in-law.[58] Despite this, Byrd won the case, but received no monetary judgment.[59]
Uri Geller
In a 1989 interview with a Japanese newspaper, Randi was quoted as saying that Uri Geller had driven a metallurgist named Dr Wilbur Franklin to "shoot himself in the head," after the scientist realized that Geller had tricked him. This statement was incorrect - Franklin had died of natural causes. In the same Japanese newspaper interview, Randi also called Geller a "sociopath." In 1990, Geller sued Randi in a Japanese court over the statements Randi had made in the Japanese newspaper. Randi did not participate in the trial, but in March 1993, the judge ruled against Randi, and awarded Geller 500,000 yen (at the time about US$4400). Randi initially refused to pay the amount. Geller later agreed not to pursue Randi for the money in a subsequent settlement with CSICOP.[60][61] The newspaper did not escape so lightly, since it was forced to settle out of court for an amount reported as "a high six figure sum - in Dollars not Yen." [62]
Randi later claimed that the phrase "shot himself in the head" was a metaphor lost in translation.[63] However, Randi had made the same statement in English three years earlier in a Toronto newspaper; "The scientist shot himself after I showed him how the key bending trick was done."[64]
Randi commented that Uri Geller's public performances were of the same quality as those found on the backs of cereal boxes. Geller sued both Randi and CSICOP. CSICOP argued that the organization was not responsible for Randi's statements. The court agreed that including CSICOP was frivolous and dropped them from the action, leaving Randi to face the action alone. Geller was ordered to pay substantial damages to CSICOP.[65][66] Randi and Geller subsequently settled their dispute out of court, the details of which have been kept confidential. The settlement also included an agreement that Geller would not pursue Randi for the award in the Japanese case, or other outstanding cases.
Other
Allison DuBois, on whose life the television series Medium was based, threatened Randi with legal action for using a photo of her from her website in his December 17, 2004 commentary without her permission.[67] Randi removed the photo, and now uses a caricature of DuBois when mentioning her on his site, beginning with his December 23, 2005 commentary.[68]
Late in 1996 Randi launched a libel suit against a Toronto-area psychic named Earl Gordon Curley.[69] Curley had made multiple objectionable comments about Randi on Usenet. Despite prodding Randi via Usenet to sue (Curley's comments had implied that if Randi did not sue then his allegations must be true), Curley seemed entirely surprised when Randi actually retained Toronto's largest law firm and initiated legal proceedings. The suit was eventually dropped in 1998 when Earl Curley died suddenly at the age of 51.[70]
Awards
World records
The following are Guinness records.
- Randi was in a sealed casket for an hour and 44 minutes, which broke Harry Houdini's record of one hour and 31 minutes set on August 5, 1926.[3]
- Randi was frozen in a block of ice for 55 minutes.[3]
Bibliography
- A Magician in the Laboratory. (Forthcoming[5])
- An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural, 1995, St. Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-15119-5 (Online Version)
- Conjuring, 1992 St. Martin's Press ISBN 0312097719
- Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions, 1982, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-198-3
- Houdini, His Life and Art. Putnam Pub Group (November 1976) ISBN 0448125528
- James Randi: Psychic Investigator, 1991, ISBN 1-85283-144-8
- Test Your ESP Potential. Dover Publications Inc. (31 Dec 1982) ISBN 0486242692
- The Faith Healers, 1987, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-369-2. (ISBN 0-87975-535-0 1989 edition) (Foreword by Carl Sagan)
- The Magic of Uri Geller, 1982, ISBN 0-345-24796-5 (later renamed The Truth About Uri Geller ISBN 0-87975-199-1)
- The Magic World of the Amazing Randi. Adams Media Corporation (September 1989) ISBN 1558509828
- The Mask of Nostradamus: The Prophecies of the World's Most Famous Seer, 1990, Charles Scribner's Sons ISBN 0-684-19056-7 or ISBN 0-87975-830-9.
- Wrong! (Forthcoming[6])
TV and film
Actor
- Beyond Desire (1994) as the Coroner
- Penn & Teller Get Killed (1989) .... 3rd Rope Holder ... aka Dead Funny
- Penn & Teller's Invisible Thread (1987) (TV)
- Ragtime (1981) (stunt coordinator: Houdini)
- Happy Days - "The Magic Show" (1978) as the Amazing Randi
- Good to See You Again, Alice Cooper (1974) as the Dentist/Executioner
- Wonderama (1955) (TV) as The Amazing Randi
Himself
- Zembla, 'De trucs van Char' (The tricks Char uses). (March 2008.) [73]
- Welt der Wunder Kraft der Gedanken (January 2008)
- 20/20 ABC TV (May 11, 2007)[74]
- Anderson Cooper 360, CNN (January 19, 2007 and January 30, 2007)
- Inside Edition- (20 January 2006 and 27 February 2007) TV
- James Randi Budapesten - Hungarian documentary (free download for schools)
- Magic (2004) (mini) TV Series
- Penn & Teller: Bullshit!
- - Signs from Heaven (2005) TV Episode
- - ESP (2003) TV Episode
- - End of the World (2003) TV Episode
- Fornemmelse for snyd (2003) TV Series (also archive footage)
- Mitä ihmettä? (2003) TV Series
- The Ultimate Psychic Challenge (Discovery Channel/Channel 4) (2003)
- Horizon - Homeopathy: The Test (2002) TV Episode
- Spotlight on James Randi (2002) (TV)
- Larry King Live of CNN (June 5, 2001, September 3, 2001, and January 26, 2007)
- The View ABC TV (1999)
- The Art of Magic (1998) (TV)
- The Power of Belief (October 6, 1998) (ABC News Special) (TV)
- Scams, Schemes, and Scoundrels (A&E Special) (March 30, 1997)
- The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (32 appearances between 1973 and 1993[6])
- NOVA: Secrets of the Psychics (1993)
- James Randi: Psychic Investigator (1991) (Open Media series for the ITV network)
- Exploring Psychic Powers Live (June 7 1989) (Hosted by Bill Bixby)
- Magic or Miracle (1983)
- That's My Line (1980) (Appeared with James Hydrick)
- The Don Lane Show (1980)
See also
References
Footnotes
Toekomstige onderwijzers in België zijn terughoudend als het gaat om het doceren van de evolutietheorie van Darwin. Ze verkiezen, uit religieuze overwegingen, door te geven dat de oorsprong van het universum en van de mensheid door een hogere macht geleid zijn.
