Fertilizers are helpful for plants and how is it for the environment
As we know that fertilizers have enabled better growth and yield of plants
and vegetation, have you ever considered about their harmful effects on the
environment? And fertilizers as the chemicals afffect our lives and the
planet.
Mother nature has always taught us to balance out everything, and still
continues to do so! If you eat a lot, your body naturally bloats up and tells
you to exercise and come back to shape. When you exercise too much, your body
tells you to slow down and relax. If there is rain, you also get the Sun, each
and everything works fine till a balance is maintained. And we all know the
consequences of imbalance. A classic example for the same would be the rise in
global warming due to various reasons, including deforestation! Same is the case
with fertilizers. The problem is that humans tend to use too much of fertilizers
in the soil because they have to cater to the global demand of food. As
mentioned already, more than half of the total yield production is out of
synthetic or inorganic fertilizers which contains components like nitrogen,
potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and so on. These chemicals and minerals,
although help in boosting the growth of plants, they also have their drastic
side effects in the long run. Mentioned below are some key points defining the
effects of using fertilizers on the environment.
When you use too much of fertilizers in the soil, it leads to eutrophication.
Fertilizers contain substances like nitrates and phosphates that are flooded
into lakes and oceans through rains and sewage. These substances prove to become
toxic for the aquatic life, thereby, increasing the excessive growth of algae in
the water bodies and decreasing the levels of oxygen. This leads to a toxic
environment and leads to death of fish and other aquatic fauna and flora.
Indirectly, it contributes to an imbalance in the food chain as the different
kinds of fishes in the water bodies tend to be the main food source of various
birds and animals in the environment. You would be surprised to know that more
than 50% of the lakes in the United States are eutrophic!
The nitrogen and other chemicals present in the fertilizers can also affect
the ground waters and waters that are used for the purpose of drinking! One of
the most common result for this can be the development of blue baby syndrome
which occurs in infants whose skin tissues are low in oxygen, which is why their
skin appears to be blue or purplish in color. You would also be interested to
know that studies reveal that the use of lawn fertilizers and pesticides can
cause health risks like cancer and chronic diseases in humans, especially in
children.
Though this may sound ironic to you, the fact is that using too much of
fertilizers in the soil can alter the fertility of the soil by increasing the
acid levels in the soil. Which is why it is recommended to get a soil test done
at least once in every 3 years so that you can keep a track whether or not you
are using the right amount of fertilizers. The levels of soil pH varies from
0-14, wherein 0 is considered to be the most acidic and 14 being the most basic.
7 is considered to be neutral. The ideal soil pH varies from plant to plant and
can be altered by bringing in some changes. Bottom line for using too much of
fertilizers in the soil is that though it may seem to work currently, there are
high chances that you may not use it for plant yielding in the long run.
Fertilizers consists of substances and chemicals like methane, carbon
dioxide, ammonia, and nitrogen, the emission of which has contributed to a great
extent in the quantity of greenhouse gases present in the environment. This in
turn is leading to global warming and weather changes. In fact, nitrous oxide,
which is a byproduct of nitrogen, is the third most significant greenhouse gas,
after carbon dioxide and methane. Therefore, you can well imagine as to how
harmful is the use of fertilizers for our environment... and the ongoing use of
fertilizers across the world will only make matters worse!
These facts are alarming and a serious step needs to be taken as soon as
possible to avoid more severe consequences. The use of fertilizers for growth
and cultivation is keeping our stomach filled for now, but then if things keep
on progressing the way they are, it won't take long to see the times where there
is lack of food, water, and health.
What should be prepared for underground mining safety
Modern underground mines have rigorous safety rules and precautions and
mining companies require a great deal of on-the-job safety training. In
addition, the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 directed the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to study the causes of
coal-related diseases and to develop a program to prevent the heath problems of
coal workers. Mining requires workers to spend long hours underground in
hazardous and often unstable conditions. Miners use a variety of safety
equipment to stay safe on the job daily. These pieces of equipment can save the
lives of those who choose to enter this particularly dangerous line of work.
Cap Lamps
Mines are completely dark unless workers are near the entrance or provide the
light themselves.
Miners often have their own personal lights attached to their hard hats, even
if the work site has lights set up. The workers may need to make their way
through dark areas to transition from one spot to another, or the light system's
power could fail. A miner's hard hat can be fitted with a small battery pack and
a lamp that hooks to the front.
Respirators
Inhalation hazards are among the most significant dangers for workers in
mines. Gases can cause nausea or may even be toxic. Dust particles in the air
can cause respiratory complications and more.
Minors often use respirators to reduce inhalation levels and work comfortably
in the mine. The style of respirator varies based on the dangers associated with
a particular mine. Many respirators are simple face masks with an odor filter
and protection from airborne contaminants. Some are powered and provide a flow
of fresh oxygen to the miner.
Gas Detection
The days of taking a canary into the coal mine as a warning system of
poisonous gases are long gone. Gas detection sensors are now placed in mines to
monitor the levels of methane, carbon monoxide, oxygen, nitrogen dioxide and
other gasses to ensure that the workers are not in danger of inhaling a toxic
gas or running out of oxygen.
Portable Air
Mining involves digging, scraping and pounding hard materials such as
limestone and other rocks. To make the job more efficient and safe the industry
now uses pneumatic tools instead of hammers and picks. While these older tools
are still used, the heavy lifting is done by air-powered equipment.
Portable air systems are much lighter and more mobile than older air
compressors and canisters. They can be rolled along or worn by a worker. The
hose attaches to the pneumatic tool of choice.
Employees who have worked for in mines for extended periods of time have a
greater chance of developing a mining- related illness. These illnesses are
caused by exposure to mining chemicals and the physical hazards which are
associated with mining. Mining related illnesses include respiratory disease,
lung cancer, hearing loss and musculoskeletal disorders.
Facing hazards of mobile equipment what shall we do
Mobile equipment is used in many industrial applications, be it mining,
construction or freight. However, the field with the highest potential for
hazard is the mining field. Such as in mining mahcinery industry, there are mobile crushing station, mobile jaw crusher, mobile impact crusher and so on.
Mobile equipment is heavy-duty industrial equipment that is used to move
material from one area to another. Some examples would be forklifts, dump
trucks, tractors and backhoes. This type of equipment can be hazardous if used
incorrectly, so proper safety precautions should be taken to avoid injury.
Luckily, operating mobile equipment safely is possible for most people when
following a few steps.
1. Obtain a commercial driver's license (CDL) before operating mobile
equipment. This will ensure that you or anyone operating the equipment will be
properly and legally trained. A CDL can be obtained through a local technical
college or private institution. The cost varies depending on the type of
equipment you will operate, but generally the CDL will cost around $75. You have
to be 21 years of age in most cases to get a CDL and complete a series of
written tests.
2. Inspect the equipment before beginning use. Look for fuel leaks or any
visible defects like damaged electrical or mechanical parts. If repairs are
necessary, do not operate before those repairs are completed. Local mobile
equipment service technicians will be able to repair most types of
equipment.
3. Fasten seat belts when using mobile equipment to avoid injuries.
4. Maintain focus while operating the equipment and keep a look out for other
people or vehicles in the vicinity. Use extra caution when moving in reverse.
There is a warning sound on most mobile equipment like dump trucks and forklifts
when moving in reverse.
5. Keep loads under the intended load capacity. Never attempt to lift more
than your equipment can handle. The load capacity can be found in the
manufacturer's handbook.
6. Avoid transporting people on mobile equipment and only use it as
intended.
Mobile devices that impair your ability to drive safely include cameras, cell
phones, laptops, music players, pagers and personal digital assistants
(PDAs).
The overall applications of limestone equipment from Red Home
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcite. Are distributed
throughout the country, while the more exposed the fine texture of the surface,
mining is easy and low development cost, and easier processing and comprehensive
utilization.
The largest applications of limestone cement manufacturing industry. Cement
manufacturing industry has a considerable advantage, since the invention of
cement, cement products as the main construction material has been 180 years.
Even in highly developed science and technology today, nor come up with
alternatives, so invest in mill production line, for processing limestone for
cement manufacturing is a good way to obtain economic benefits.
Limestone can be used in the manufacture of glass, soda ash, caustic soda,
etc., iron with limestone for flux, remove gangue, slag forming material to do
with lime to remove sulfur, phosphorus and other harmful impurities. In life,
made of limestone burning process than pure calcium carbonate powder, used as
rubber, plastic, paper, toothpaste, cosmetics, etc. as filler. Agriculture, lime
sulfur mixture prepared with lime, Bordeaux mixture and other pesticides.
Application of hydrated lime to the soil and soil acidity and improve soil
structure, supply of plant-available calcium. Brush with lime tree trunks to
protect trees. Chemical industry to use the chemical processing of limestone
made of calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium sulfite and calcium
important, limestone-rich Xinjiang Province in China, given the huge economic
value of limestone mining in recent years to develop limestone flour processing
industry and achieved good economic benefits.
Crushed limestone processed by the mill can be used in many fields and
achieved substantial economic benefits, limestone flour processing industries in
recent years gradually vigorous.
Limestone processing mill is the main equipment, applications can adjust the
fineness of the new material mill can produce a variety of uses for limestone
powder. Meet the processing requirements of various industries. Hongxing Mill
machines produced series including Raymond mill, mill machine high
strength, high pressure micro-grinding, fine crusher, the product fully meet the
various requirements of the limestone processing, the particle size range from
tens of adjustment Head to Head 3000, high yield and stable performance. China
currently has a number of limestone powder production line investors
successfully installed a complete set of mill production line, provides
customers cost-effective protection, is the optimal milling equipment purchase
business choice. Another main product-mobile crusher station,
PE / PEX Jaw Crusher, PF impact crusher, VSI New Type Sand Making Machine, high energy
ball mill, MBS rod mill, etc.,
have to go abroad, and international standards, depth of domestic and foreign
relations have made outstanding contributions.
Using jaw crusher we should root in local conditions
As we all know, jaw
crusher discharge mouth (row ore mouth) can be adjusted according to user's
need to obtain a qualified product material size. Zhengzhou general crusher
experts now as this issue, with everyone do simple description, hope to be able
to bring you help.
Along with the continuous abrasion gear plate, ranking ore mouth bigger
product constantly coarsens, in order to obtain qualified product size, need
regular adjustment row ore mouth size. Row the adjusting methods of the ore
mouth basically has the following two:
1, gasket adjustment, namely the bearing seat behind thrust board with frame
behind after a group of gasket placed between wall, increase or decrease gaskets
quantity or changing its thickness, can achieve the purpose of adjusting row ore
mouth. This compact structure, regulating and reliable, large and medium-sized
jaw crusher multi-purpose the regulation method.
First we must be clear,Concrete Crushers, the jaw crusher thrust board, also
called cubits board,Crusher Equipment, in addition to transfer power to and fro
dynamic jaw plate do outside, but also has a safety insurance effect, changing
its length also can rise to adjust the role of ore mouth platoon.
When jaw crusher crushing cavity things (such as crushing in an iron ball,
iron, etc.), for the protection of the equipment is mainly parts are not damaged
and use as crusher insurance after thrust board components. With cast iron plate
after general thrust moulds overall, in which a trough of some holes open or to
lower the cross-section intensity; Also can cast two, then use screws (or
rivets) of connecting thrust board, combined. When not broken objects into
crushing cavity, equipment overloaded and huge breakage force to thrust plate
lead to thrust board broken or combination thrust board screw, machine cut to
stop work, have insurance effect.
2, wedge block regulation, it is to use on thrust board with frame between
the backseat two wedge block adjustment is suitable for small crusher
adopted.
These knowledge may in equipment instructions say not so detailed, so the
user is in the purchase equipment, installation debugging when must learn more
with crusher experts, mastering jaw crusher insurance and discharging
adjustment, stable production can be better.
Mining Machinery is to develop a technology to improve human, modern science
and technology and is closely related to the overall industry level,
particularly in mining and mechanical engineering disciplines of science and
development are closely linked. Mechanical Engineering, the general trend of
scientific development will be digital, intelligent, precision, miniaturization,
life, and Ecology. Mining Machinery as a branch of mechanical engineering
disciplines, but also follow this general trend. At the same time, combining the
characteristics of mining industry and its development trend is digital,
intelligent, ecological and amenity of. Mining Machinery manufacturing should
continue to integrate into the human's outstanding achievements in various
fields, major demand for national economic construction, scientific outlook on
development as guidance, to achieve sustainable development.
A) The need for economic development
Along with social improvement and economic development, human resources and
increasing demand for energy, but what a resource of relatively poor countries.
Followed by resource development, mining depth increased, extending from land to
sea, the premise of resource extraction deteriorating security situation is
becoming increasingly difficult mining; coal mining in China has reached the
depth of 1000m, metal ore concentration 1380m, deposit mining depth increased,
water, gas, high stress, geological structure that greatly increased the
difficulty of resource extraction.
Automated unmanned underground or dangerous working face is the development
direction of the mining environment, but also protect the safety of mining face
an effective way. Integrated use of mining science, automation technology,
communication technology, computer science and technology, no one working face
to automate the basis of theoretical research and development of new
technologies, new equipment, so that mining machinery (crusher, ball mill) will be towards robots
and intelligent direction.
Storage of a variety of strategic metals seabed mineral resources, to achieve
efficient and safe marine mineral resources exploitation, to protect the
country's maritime rights and interests and provide technical support for
national economic development, social protection for sustainable development.
Achieve seabed mining, submarine control need to develop unmanned submersible
depth, no diving, etc. made no intelligent cable mining machinery and
equipment.
B) Competition in the market-driven
China mining machinery to improve the overall level of senior level
comparable with the international discrepancy. Towards mining machinery journey
in the manufacture of power, opportunities and challenges. Product design is the
soul of the manufacturing industry, product structure, function, quality,
capital, delivery time and manufacturability, maintainability, scrap processing
and post-human, machine and environment relationship, in principle, are in the
product design stage decision. The product is different and the design capacity
has become a deciding competitive position in the global primary factor.
Mining Machinery is a high technological content and integration of
equipment, development of new equipment constantly results in all areas of human
integration in, followed by materials science, manufacturing technology,
information technology, computer technology improved, each round There are new
technologies into products, parts and components of the update cycle is shorter
and shorter, faster and faster updating of new equipment, especially large-scale
mining machinery development, no warning from the experience of mature, but not
agreed to the design Any errors in the thrown, it must be multi-disciplinary
technology with the integration of design efficiency and design quality
improvement, promotion, business is different and independent capacity and
market competitiveness. Mining Machinery and computer technology, network
technology formed the basis of comprehensive digital trends.
C) For the natural environment and harmonious development
China's 'Eleventh Five-Year Plan' that, to build a resource-saving and
environment-friendly society, focusing on the development cycle of the economy,
insisted on developing equal emphasis on conservation, conservation priority, in
accordance with the reduction, reuse, recycle principle, resource extraction,
produce consumption, waste generation, consumption and other sectors, and
gradually establish the whole cycle of use of system resources of society; to
save energy, save water, saving land, saving material, comprehensive utilization
of resources to strengthen the promotion of conservation policies.
Machinery from the simple pursuit of scale and efficiency of the model to
build the cycle of economic direction 4R. Natural environment for the harmonious
development requires mining machinery 'ecology', through a variety of senior
technology to improve manufacturing model, manufacturing resources,
manufacturing, process manufacturing organizations continued to stand out, so
that products are not in the whole life cycle cause environmental pollution or
environmental pollution minimization, resource utilization, the highest, lowest
energy consumption, the ultimate enterprise coordination of economic and social
benefits. Efficient, zero emission fuel cell mining machinery has good
development prospects.
Geothermal energy as a green, renewable resources, are identified as
countries around the world to maintain social sustainable development of new
energy, rich in geothermal resources have been a better use of the developed
countries, developing energy resources and the crust of solid waste treatment
resources for the Mining Machinery to expand the service area. Mining Machinery
in computer technology, network technology, multidisciplinary integrated support
for economic development, driven by demand in the market, in the harmony of
human and natural community development, mining machinery has been toward the
digital, intelligent, ecological and pleasant direction.
Forefront of modern science and technology have significant time-domain,
field and dynamic characteristics. Integration between different scientific
cross will produce new scientific focus, economic development and social
improvement of the mining machinery to generate a new expectations.
Attentions on how to use portable crushers soundly
Mobile crusher can be
classified into: mobile jaw crushing plant, mobile cone crushing plant, and
mobile impact crushing plant, etc. In the manufacturing and processing period,
only production operation with sufficient knowledge and recognition about the
equipment can have a better output. many customers will possibly have a
misunderstanding area in case of unnecessary damaging, which causes a lower
efficient of production.
Firstly, only after the mobile crushing plant is working in a stable state,
material can be put into for production.
Secondly, the material for crushing must be put uniformly into the crushing
cavity instead of putting in side direction or piling full, which can avoid the
situation that mobile crushing plant will hold the stress on one side or be
overload.
Thirdly, before the mobile crushing plant ends work, stop adding the material
into the cavity, after the material in the cavity has been removed totally, the
power can be shut down. This avoids the phenomenon of blocking in crushing
cavity.
Fourthly, when the mobile crushing plant is working, there are too much
materials in the crushing cavity that caused the stop of machine, the electrical
power should be closed down immediately, then clearing the material, after it is
well cleared, the mobile crushing plant can begin again to work.
Lastly, after a while of using, the maintenance and repair should be on time
and checking every parts stability.
The Renaissance and Development of machinery industry in China
Machinery industry is closely related with the fixed asset investment growth,
we expect the Eleventh Five-Year period of Chinas economic growth will be
slightly lower than the fifth period of growth, fixed asset investment growth
will also be more fifth during slowed, but is expected to increase. China's
State Council executive meeting on the 4th approved in principle the equipment
manufacturing industry restructuring and revitalization plan, this plan made it
clear that speed up the revitalization of equipment manufacturing industry, we
must rely on national key construction projects, large-scale independent of the
major technologies and equipment to carry out the work.
Experts pointed out that the equipment independently of the biggest
highlights of this plan. To promote the equipment independently, relying on the
planning requirements for efficient and clean power generation, ultra-high
voltage power transmission, coal and metal ore mining, pipeline and liquefied
natural gas storage and transportation, high-speed rail, urban rail transit and
other areas of key projects, targeted to achieve the key products of domestic
manufacture; combination of iron and steel, automobiles, textiles and other
major industries, key projects, promoting the equipment independently.
China Machinery Industry Federation, said Deputy Secretary-General Song
Xiaogang, equipment manufacturing industries for the national economy,
technology and equipment of the strategic industries, and equipment
independently of not only the development of equipment manufacturing industry
itself, but also to the country s economic security.
China National Machinery and equipment development into the best period of
development transfer of world manufacturing, China is gradually becoming the
worlds factory. United States, Germany, Korea and other countries have already
entered the era of industrialization and the development of microelectronics era
of high-tech intensive, steel, machinery, chemical and other heavy industries
are gradually made transfer in developing countries. Chinas current economic
development has been the early stages of development, the development of heavy
industry is in the middle.
To improve the basis for China s equipment manufacturing spare parts and
basic level of technology, planning that, to enhance Forging, basic components,
processing aids, special raw materials and other ancillary products, skills,
reinforce the basis for industrial development.
In this regard, China First Heavy Industries Group Corporation Wu Shengfu
said, good basic parts of the industry is of great significance. Although China
can produce a number of large equipment, but has been unable to keep up a good
solution to the problem of key components, some of the important bearings,
hydraulic components, pressure vessels and other long-term dependence on
imports.
The future development will continue to benefit from the revitalization of
the equipment of the national police equipment, policies to promote the
revitalization of domestic demand. June 28, 2006 to accelerate the
revitalization of the State Council on Several Opinions of the equipment
manufacturing industry (hereinafter referred to as Opinions) issued the
Opinions that future development will focus on 16 major areas, namely:
Power generation, power transmission, petrochemical, coal chemical industry,
sheet metal rolling, fully mechanized coal mining, shipbuilding, railway and
mass transit, environmental protection, construction machinery, control and
precision instruments, machine tools, textile machinery, agricultural machinery,
IT equipment and aircraft. Opinions not only for equipment.
The future development of equipment manufacturing industry clear direction
and goals, but also support the policy put forward a series of measures,
including tax incentives, financial support is conducive to long-term health of
the machinery industry, rapid development. Expected in the Opinion and its
related policies and other policies to promote the revitalization, Chinas
machinery industry will maintain robust growth in domestic demand.
Verticle roller crusher sets the paradigm for crushing equipment
Since the grinding track is horizontal and the centre of gravity of the
roller system only moves vertically, all impact forces and dynamic reactions are
mainly vertical and thus easy to accommodate. The extremely low mass of the
roller suspension system means low total inertia and thereby low dynamic
forces.
In the event of excessive vibrations of the roller system, the lower inertia
also limits the dynamic loads on the grinding table and thrust bearing in the
gear box as well as on the surroundings.
The variation in hydraulic force is greatly limited by means of the
nitrogen-filled accumulators connected to the cylinders, which act as springs.
Even though the variation in the grinding bed takes place during operation, the
hydraulic force varies within only a few bars.
The horizontal force into the mill housing normally accounts for 10-15% of
the hydraulic force. The required raw meal quality and capacity are obtained by
easily adjusting the grinding pressure, separator speed, gas flow and dam ring
height.
The roller suspension system permits the hot gas inlet section to be designed
virtually, without restrictions to the gas flow below the grinding table. The
nozzle ring area is adjusted by inserting or removing shims on top of the vanes.
Thereby the gas speed can be reduced to a minimum allowed by the amount of
external circulation. The benefit of the low gas speed in the nozzle ring is a
significant reduction in pressure loss across the nozzle ring and thus a
significant saving in power for the mill fan.
The beneficial design of the hot gas inlet with low pressure loss enables the
mill to be fitted with an oversize nozzle ring. It is not necessary to involve a
larger mill size just to accommodate the gas flow only the nozzle ring and the
separator must be adapted to the higher gas flow. This feature reduces energy
and wear in the crusher.
Design of jaw crusher paying attention to workers safety
To quote a wise crusher operator, Crushing is not just about tons per hour;
it's about safe tons per hour.' But consider that a safe workplace is not
achieved via mere lip service and signage, but rather from the right
mindset--from owners, managers and workers--and from the manufacturers of each
piece of processing equipment.
Importantly, manually digging out the crusher before repairs or restarts puts
workers in dangerous positions. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
has reported numerous injuries and fatalities incurred when climbing in or under
the jaw to manually clear, repair or adjust the typical older-style jaw crusher. As such, a welcome
market entry is that of modern crusher design, derived from a major impetus to
put safety first while also meeting demand for far greater productivity and ease
of maintenance.
Whether a crusher is jammed by large material or uncrushable debris, or
stalled by a power failure, the chamber must be cleared before restarting.
Manual clearing is a lengthy and risky task, especially since material can be
wedged inside the crusher with tremendous pressure, and dislodging poses much
danger to workers placed in harm's way inside the crusher.
The hydraulic chamber clearing system on the Model 3258 jaw automatically
opens the crusher to a safe position, allowing materials to pass. Its hydraulic
relief protects parts and components against overload damage, and its hydraulic
adjustment reduces maintenance time and maintains safe, consistent crusher
output without the need for manual intervention.
Safety is a culture and should be championed by every worker in the
operation. At the same time, management should respond immediately to each
worker's safety concerns and successes, rather than monitoring only overall team
efforts and targets. And, manufacturers should engineer greater safety as well
as productivity into their units while accompanying their equipment with strong
operational and safety training programs.
It has never been more important to consider the potential hazards of
conventional, older-style crushers versus modern jaw crusher design. And even
during today's challenging economic climate, safety should never be minimized
due to a need to achieve lower prices or costs. Modern crusher design is a major
development in safe material processing--one that allows operations to maximize
productivity while putting safety first.
A Jaw Crusher is one of the main types of primary crushers in a mine or ore processing plant. The
size of a jaw crusher is designated by the rectangular or square opening at the
top of the jaws (feed opening). For instance, a 24 x 36 jaw crusher has a
opening of 24' by 36', a 56 x 56 jaw crusher has a opening of 56' square. Primary jaw crushers are typically
of the square opening design, and secondary jaw crushers are of the
rectangular opening design. However, there are many exceptions to this general
rule.
A Jaw Crusher reduces large size rocks or ore by placing the rock into
compression. A fixed jaw, mounted in a 'V' alignment is the stationary breaking
surface, while the movable jaw exerts force on the rock by forcing it against
the stationary plate. The space at the bottom of the 'V' aligned jaw plates is
the crusher product size gap, or the size of the crushed product from the jaw
crusher. The rock remains in the jaws until it is small enough to pass through
the gap at the bottom of the jaws.
Today's jaw crushers utilize hydraulics to do the heavy work, reducing
maintenance time and keeping workers at a safe distance. The graphics below
illustrate how hydraulics facilitate the toggle removal, eliminating the need
for workers to access under the jaw while lowering heavy items. Hydraulics push
the pitman forward and a lock-out pin is inserted through the side plate
securing the pitman. The toggle is secured for lowering and hydraulic pressure
is reduced in the tension cylinders, freeing the toggle. Hydraulics retract the
toggle beam.
When do impact and attrition occur if crushing process
To maximize crushing, you must marry impact and attrition actions. When size
reduction begins, the material is picked up by the lower liner, moved outwardly
and caught between the crushing members. The impact of the head results in
reduction of material by grinding and by facture of particle-upon-particle
caused by forceful relocation to the particles within the mass.
Even at the closest approach of the attrition members, the liners are still
separated by a layer of small particles of substantial thickness. In most
instances it has been found that a better product and greater usable quantity of
desired size is obtained by increase rather than decrease of gap when it becomes
a question of optimizing crusher capacity and power draw. Therefore, the setting
of the crushing members is not as directly related to the size of the product
required as is the setting in the cone-type crusher.
Remember that during the upward thrust of the rotating head two distinct
processes combine to reduce the feed into a uniform fine product:
1. The impact of coarse particle against fine particle similar to the action
of balls or pebbles in a grinding mill. The progressive structuring of cubical
shaped, fine, particles is clearly shown in these two enlarged views of the
attrition zone. Finely crushed particles are discharged at perimeter of
attrition chamber.
2. The attrition resulting from the high surface friction during forceful
relocation of the particles into smaller voids within the feed mass. In the
Gyradisc crusher, the combination of impact and attrition offers the most
efficient power utilization as compared to other fine crushing or reduction
methods employed today.
The competitive superiority and operating precautions of cone crusher
With the constant growth of china's economic construction, domestic real
estate and domestic highway have made rapid development, crusher industry as
well. The sales and market of the cone crusher also gradually
blossom and the sales volume have significantly improved far more than previous
years.
It is tempting that cone crusher has a very big application prospect. The
root cause lies in the special design and the great performance. Moreover, cone
crusher is a new machine of energy saving, low cost, high productive capacity.
The cone crusher has novel design principle and adopt new crushing technology,
which can meet the different materials, different specificationes of crushing,
and meet requirements of the new process 'more crushing & less gridding'.
The crushing ratio of Cone crusher is bigger, the granularity is fine and
uniform and lower unit power consumption.
This is of importance to operate properly crusher in use, which concerns the
working life of the crusher parts and the crusher. The following is the do's and
don'ts.
(1) The starting and the stopping of cone crusher
A. cone crusher should match the appropriate starting motor according to the
model of crusher.
B. cone crusher should be sequentially started up and closed down.
C. when it starts, cone crusher inside should be empty. After the crusher
remains stable, it is the time that feed in stuff. Feeding in stuff by equality
and can't operating by overload.
D. before stopping the crusher, feeding in stuff should be stopped. By now,
the crusher can be stopped; when the all stuff in the crusher was to be
discharged.
(2) Feeding stuff
A. the stuff that is prepared to put in crusher should comply with the
technical requirements; the size of stuff must not exceed the prescribed scope.
The Moisture content in related to the property, both the proportion must not
more than 15%, so as not to block the machines mouth.
B. feeding the stuff equably, thus can increase the effect of crush and
imporve the work contition.
(3) Discharge
A. discharge opening should ensure clearance, in order to avoid causing the
overloading accidents because of dischage difficultly.
B. the cone crusher should be inspected termly. If the size of stuff is not
comply with the specified size, then should inspect the wear condition of the
hammer, lining plate and the tension situation of V-belt. When those problems
are found, worn parts are replaced and the tensile force of V-belt is
adjusted.
Compare to the traditional crusher equipment, those advantages, such as the
bigger crushing ratio, fine granularity, lower power consumption, crushing
anything hard brittle matters etc, make the cone crusher to be an ideal, energy
saving, superfine crushing equipment.
Rock crushers--also
called non-metallic mineral processing plants--are credited with a variety of
environmental impacts: air pollution; ground and surface water contamination;
solid and hazardous wastes; increased traffic to and from mining sites; and
scenic degradation. As a consequence of these impacts, rock crushing plants in the United
States are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and permitting
requirements.
Ground and Surface Water Contamination
Another important environmental impact of rock crushers is water
pollution from sediment runoff, particularly in temperate climate zones. Excess
sediment clogs streams, causes flooding and harms fish; sediment runoff into
storm water sewer systems can also cause problems.
In drier climates, where groundwater is in short supply, the quantity of
water necessary for rock crushers to wash equipment and control dust may strain
the local water supply. The National Pollutant Elimination Discharge System
(NPDES) program regulates water pollution from rock crushers.
Increased Traffic
Rock crushers can result in a significant increase in traffic and hazardous
conditions for motorists on highways, as trucks filled with gravel or other
material, often uncovered or loosely covered, enter and leave the processing
plants many times per day. This increases the quantity of airborne particulate
matter (dust), diesel exhaust fumes and other air pollutants in and around the
vicinity of the plants.
Air Pollution
Air pollution from dust (also called particulate matter) is the No. 1
environmental impact of rock crushers. Minute particles of dust--10 microns
(.0004 inches or .01 mm) or less in diameter, called PM10--can damage the lungs.
Dust from rock crushing facilities can coat nearby residential and office
buildings.
Scenic Degradation
Rock crushers can destroy scenic views in areas where mining facilities
abound, such as occurs around some large cities in New Mexico, as noted in a
2004 study by the Center for Science in Public Participation.
Other ambient impacts from rock crushers include bright lights from
facilities that operate at night and loud noises from equipment operation that
can be heard up to a mile away.
General layout of crushing plant and its maintenance terms
In mining operations, the layout of crushing plants and ancillary equipment
and structures is a crucial factor in meeting production requirements while
keeping capital and operational costs to a minimum. This paper addresses the
critical design parameters as well as the consideration of ore characteristics,
geographical location, climatic conditions, expected operational life, expansion
potential, safety, environment, and operability and maintainability.
The fundamental goal for the design of a crushing plant is an installation
that meets the required production requirements, operates at competitive cost,
complies with today's tough environmental regulations, and can be built at a
reasonable price despite the rising costs of equipment, energy and construction
labor.
There are three main steps in designing a good crushing plant: process
design, equipment selection, and layout. The first two are dictated by
production requirements and design parameters, but the layout can reflect the
input, preferences and operational experience of a number of parties.
Crushing plants must be designed for ease of access and maintainability if
they are to meet their production goals. Keeping maintenance requirements to a
minimum helps achieve higher overall operating availability. Scheduled
preventive maintenance at crushing plants involves a number of elements,
including: crusher wear parts, screen decks, feeder wear parts, conveyor
skirting and adjustment, Oil and lubrication, conveyor belt repair, visual
inspections, electrical and instrumentation adjustments.
Building for cold-weather operations is very challenging, as is designing a
plant in a desert environment. This is particularly true when year-round
operation is required. Seasonal variations can change ore moisture content, so
the crushing plant must be adaptable to changes in the material flow
characteristics. Higher moisture requires greater angles of withdrawal, and
stoneboxes must be designed to avoid plugging. The crushing plant equipment
itself must be adjustable to climatic changes; for example, screen decks must be
designed to maintain production, possibly by using wire mesh during the wet
season and plastic during the dry. Vary screen deck types dependent on seasons
and material characteristics to achieve maximum passing through deck
openings.
Equipment suppliers are offering ever-larger primary crushers, with 1,800 mm
(72 in) gyratories expected soon, as well as secondary and tertiary machines of
up to 3,000 mm (120 in).
Lists of the impacts on environment and ecosystems from mining
Mining is a process by which the earth is drilled, usually by heavy
machinery, to extract minerals and other materials from beneath the soil. Mining
is carried out to retrieve a number of substances such as coal, gold, iron,
diamonds, potash and uranium. While mining yields important substances for sale
and industrial production, mining also affects the natural environment.
Ecosystems are affected by the physical perturbations of mining operations,
as well as the chemical alterations in soil and water. Mining activities vary,
but can include soil compaction and conversely, removal of the topsoil. These
alterations disrupt nutrient dynamics by minimizing the availability of nitrogen
and phosphorus, lower the pH through the acidification of the soil and can
introduce toxic metals and acids. Depending on the scale and nature of the
mining operation, these effects can be localized to the location of the mining
or, through local hydrology, can extend to nearby aquatic systems, such as
stream, wetlands and lakes.
All mining activities create considerable waste, including acid runoff and
chemical byproducts of refining. Coal mines are particularly prone to acid
runoff. When large amounts of rainwater enters functioning or abandoned mines,
the water becomes acidic and contaminated with heavy metals. The Environmental
Protection Agency estimates that 40 percent of western U.S. watershed have been
contaminated by mine waste. In the United States, the mining industry is the top
toxic polluter. The problems are frequently more pronounced in under-regulated
developing countries, where mining companies can be free to pollute with
impunity. Water pollution from mines has been known to decimate aquatic life,
and seriously impact bird and mammal populations. Water sources used by humans
have also been contaminated, posing serious risks to human health.
Mining operations often contaminate the soil with toxic heavy metals and
acids. Acids can lower the pH of the soil, preventing plants and soil
microorganisms from thriving, and can also react with various minerals in the
soil that are required by plants, such as calcium and magnesium. The hydrogen
ions from the acid absorb the soil particles, preventing other nutrients
required by plants to remain in the soil. These chemical alterations can
interact with soil compaction. Because water isn't moving through the soil
profile, some of the metals and acids can get carried away by the water,
extending the mining effects throughout greater portions of the landscape.
Elkins, Parker, Aldon and Whitford report in their article 'Responses of Soil
Biota to Organic Ammendments in Stripmine Spoils in Northwestern New Mexico,' in
the 'Journal of Environmental Quality,' 1984, that the addition of organic
matter to mined lands can increase water retention in the soil, as well as the
microbial process of nutrient accumulation and processing, potentially
offsetting and minimizing the ecosystem effects from mining operations.
Mining releases particles of various kinds into the air, which has an impact
on air quality. Some of these substances are harmless, such as dust particles,
while others can be potentially dangerous. Dangerous particles include arsenic,
cadmium and lead. Over time, and in sufficient quantities, these dangerous
particles can have an effect on human health, especially respiratory health.
Emphysema is one potential effect of prolonged inhalation of dangerous
particles. These particles can also be ingested or absorbed through the
skin.
Crushing ratio is one aspect affecting crushing result
Crushing ratio also named size reduction ration is a measure of crushing
effect, the concept of common crushing ratio. Crushing ratio is raw material
size and crushed after the product size ratio. It is shown that after the broken
table of reducing the extent of raw materials.
Crushing ration or size reduction ration features the following methods.
1). Crushing material before the maximum particle size of crushed products
maximum particle size ratio calculated I = Dmax / Dmax type Dmax -- broken
before the material of the maximum particle size; Dmax -- broken materials
maximum particle size.
Due to the different habits, maximum size value method. Britain and the
United States in 80% through the sieve mesh material width for the maximum
particle size diameter, China and the former Soviet Union to material 95% can
pass sieve mesh width of maximum particle diameter.
2). Crusher with a feeding opening width and the width of discharge opening
ratio of I = 0.85B / B type B - crusher feeding mouth width; B - crusherwidth of
discharge opening; 0.85 guarantee crusher on the effective width of feed
material. Outlet width of coarse crusher, maximum width of discharge opening; in
crusher takes the minimum width of discharge opening.
3). With average particle size calculation of I = Dcp / DCP type Dcp - broken
before the material with an average diameter of DCP - broken materials; average
diameter.
Hongxing counterattack crusher with big crushing ratio.
The crushing impact
crusher than can achieve more than 50, finished materials particles grain
shape good. Under the impact, being broken down its most vulnerable material
often, this selective fractured planes crushing method, the grain-size uniform,
discharging a cube shapes, fine powder and dust content is low, and so, in need
of situations. Cubes particles For example, prevent slippery pavement of high
grade highway, usually by impact breaker as
eventually broken equipment, producing concrete aggregate.
The cost of power is a major expense in crushing and grinding, so the factors
that control this cost are important.
Recently hydraulic technology is hotshot in crusher design
Most of the current manufacturing crusher drive technology are driving the
use of mechanical equipment and electronic drive to achieve, but recent crusher
manufacturing began to drive technology into the field of hydraulic drive,
hydraulic drive refers to the so-called motor driven hydraulic pump to establish
a certain degree of hydraulic, hydraulic oil through the valve to the specified
cylinder, push the piston movement, but there are some views that the hydraulic
drive technology is outdated, but the characteristics of the hydraulic hybrid
technology is still a lot of applications is widely used with, and meet the
large demand for actual production.
With the changes in market demand and crusher increasing the degree of
competition in the industry, can effectively increase the life of a variety of
crusher equipment, has been following the lower production costs, increase
production of the device after another basic requirement, but as buyers, in
order to increase production, often make the crusher at a high load operating
state, with the temporary increase of production, but has largely depleted the
crusher equipment should have life, and crusher of the hydraulic drive
technology used, not only in improving the efficiency, but also more effective
to reduce the load on the crusher, the crusher equipment to reduce the weight
for the crusher equipment to create a more healthy production environment.
The main structure of the hydraulic crusher includes hydraulic breaker, work
equipment, hydraulic equipment, electrical equipment, controls, hydraulic
breakers can be a special place of mineral aggregate crushing, and removal of
obstruction to the feeder, make it work.
In addition to the hydraulic drive technology in dealing with large volumes
of applications has more advantages, including; big load transfer; extrusion
molding, pressure molding technology; bending, stamping and other forming
processes; connection and assembly processes, etc..
For customers they prefer machinery with high-quality and high-efficiency
Along with the rapid growth of Chinese economy, our country has made great
achievements in various construction, but meanwhile we also pay heavy cost for
resource waste and environmental destruction. The contradiction between economic
development and resources and environment is gradually becoming more acute. The
issue on environmental pollution arouse intense concern among the masses. Thus,
to achieve energy saving and emission reduction needs the full cooperation of
all sectors of society and each enterprise, and the active guidance from the
quality and environment departments is especially of great significance.
As one famous joint-stock enterprise for mining machinery in China, Henan
Hongxing Mining Machinery Co., Ltd. has already placed the plan of energy saving
and emission reduction on the agenda. We positively respond to the national
policy, and strictly adhere to the policy stipulated by the government to
process our products. So we can further improve our company's social influence
while making profits.
Energy saving and emission reduction not only brings social and economic
benefits but also is the responsibility for the mining machinery industry. The
equipments manufactured by Hongxing Machinery Group are strictly in accordance
with the requirements of the national quality and environment departments.
Hongxing Mining Machinery is making every effort to push forward the building of
a new environment-friendly society. Such as, energy-saving coal ball mill, ultra-fine Raymond mill, mobile crushing station, YK
series vibrating screen. These
high-quality and efficient products are well received among most
customers.
The configuration of a mill make great difference for production
In the design of large industrial milling process, when the production scale
and product mix basically determined, how to configure the mill, will directly
affect the milling system design, process effectiveness and economic efficiency.
Our powder making machine is designed with the most advanced host device,
together with a special milling machine technical parameters, selection
processes, unique grinding, hit with technology, investing in rare cases for
process transformation, the effect is significant, with good promotion
prospects.
Production is a milling process design with the goal of the important
indicators, and the mill model, the choice of the number, there is the size of
investment. The milling machine milling process is the core of the device, its
effect is related to grinding flour yield, yield quality and other economic and
technical indicators. Now most of the milling process are selected according to
the first production of mill type and quantity, and then redistributed to the
various aspects of the milling process.
Here, for your better learning about the mill, there are some recommendations
as follows.
(1) Reasonably determine the mill type and quantity of the industrial milling
process more reasonable and better. Mill more, the system assigns the finer
adjustment of the system greater flexibility, the more perfect technology.
(2) Different types of milling machines for use with both investment and
reduce operating costs savings. Meet the process requirements, the mill can mix
different models in order to reduce investment.
Mill production configuration must be designed based on the process is
reasonable, the principle advanced in comparison, the analysis of different
configurations, based on to be preferred in order to achieve the desired effect
of milling process.
Any operation of machinery runs with technical training of operator
As with any piece of complex equipment operating in a difficult environment
and in order to protect your investment, both your operators and technicians
need a good understanding of the equipment, how best to operate it safely and
efficiently and care for it. For example, Raymond mill use and maintenance
in the use of the process, there should be a fixed charge of personnel, the
operator must have a certain level of technology.
1. Before the installation the operator must carry out the necessary
technical training, so that understanding the principles of mill performance,
familiar procedures.
2. For the mill to normal, the device should be developed, the safe
operation of equipment maintenance system can ensure the long-term safe
operation of the mill, and have the necessary maintenance tools and grease and
corresponding accessories.
3. Mill use for some time, maintenance should be carried out, while roller
blade grinding ring repair replacement of wearing parts such as handle, roller
device in use before and after the bolt nut should be carefully examined to see
whether there is loosening , whether to add a little grease.
4. The roller device to use more than 500 hours or so to replace the roller,
the roller bearing kit must be cleaned of all, the damaged parts should be
replaced, fuel pump and the tool can be used to manually add butter gun.
5. Fineness adjustment, according to the size of the material, hardness,
moisture content, the proportion of different degree of processing of different
thickness, can be adjusted at the top of the analyzer, high speed, fineness, low
speed, low fineness. Improve the fineness, the output will be reduced
accordingly, if it is mainly the fan speed when debugging, the user can
flexibly.
6. Ring roller mill scrap the limit, the remaining minimum wall thickness of
not less than 10mm.
7. Stop, stop the feeding, the host continues to He, the residual abrasive
grinding continues, about one minute, turn off the master motor and the motor
analyzer, stop grinding work, and later to stop the fan motor to blow the net
residual powder.
